Dilemma

Should we colonize space?

The drive to extend human presence beyond Earth is sometimes framed as the next chapter of stewardship, sometimes as hubris, sometimes as escape from problems we ought to solve here. Which it is depends on what we take our relationship to nature to be.

Context

Permanent settlements on the Moon and Mars, asteroid mining, self-replicating probes, the long-term project of becoming a multi-planet species — these are no longer pure science fiction. The technical feasibility is improving; the moral and political conversation is lagging. Pro-colonisation voices appeal variously to survival of the species, the growth-imperative, the spirit of exploration, and the moral weight of long-run human flourishing. Critics appeal to neglect of present problems, ecological hubris, the rights of potential native life on other worlds, and the danger of exporting Earth's worst patterns. The disagreement isn't only empirical; it sits on top of different answers to where humans stand in relation to nature.

Why it matters

How a tradition reads humanity's place in nature determines whether expansion into the cosmos is appropriate stewardship, natural cultivation, hubristic overreach, or beside the point. The ontological commitments underdetermine the policy: schools sharing a stance can disagree on whether the particular projects underway (SpaceX, China's lunar plans, deep-space probes) are the right execution of the stance's abstract endorsement.

The coordinates that split the schools

Observer · Agency Whether observation shapes reality or merely registers it Matter · Ontological Status Whether matter is fundamental, relational, or emergent Observer · Number Whether selves are genuinely distinct, or aspects of one

The stances

Colonisation continues the work that ended the wisdom of seven-generation thinking.

14 schools

On relational views, space colonisation is the abstract endpoint of the same pattern that produced ecological crisis on Earth: humans treating themselves as separate from the more-than-human world they are actually inside. To go to Mars in the spirit of leaving Earth is to leave the wisdom that is the thing worth keeping.

Why these schools land hereAnimism, African Traditional Religion, Ubuntu, Afrofuturism, Deep Ecology, and Shintoism share the structural commitment that human action well lived is action embedded in relational fabric. The cluster is not universally hostile to space presence — Afrofuturist traditions in particular have rich imaginative engagement with the cosmos — but it is uniformly suspicious of colonising in the Earth-leaving sense.
Works: Fragments The Dhammapada Critique of Pure Reason Thus Spoke Zarathustra Being and Time (Early) Philosophical Investigations (Late) Process and Reality (Late) Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Abhidharmakośa Visuddhimagga The Heart Sutra I Ching Critique of Practical Reason (Late) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Critique of Judgment (Late) What Is Metaphysics? (Early) Phenomenology of Perception Totality and Infinity (Early) On Certainty (Latest) Physics and Philosophy The Structure of Scientific Revolutions On the Genealogy of Morality (Late) On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Early) Beyond Good and Evil (Late) The Order of Time (Late) Daodejing (Early) The Analysis of Mind (Mid) The Analysis of Matter (Mid) The Analysis of Sensations (Mid) God-Christ-Church: A Practical Guide to Process Theology (Late) Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition (Mid) The Divine Relativity (Mid) The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Mid) Animism: Respecting the Living World (Late) The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement (Mid) The Structure of the World (Late) Black Quantum Futurism: Theory and Practice (Late) More Brilliant than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction (Mid) Space Is the Place (Mid) Quantum Healing (Mid) The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Late (Husserl's last work, written in Freiburg under Nazi proscription)) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late (Næss's closing popular statement, written at 86)) Quantum: The Search for Links (Late) When Species Meet (Late) Science in Action (Mid) An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (Late) Down to Earth (Late) New System (Mature) Correspondence with Arnauld (Mature) The Book of Changes (Yi Jing) (Early) Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Late) Pali Canon: Sutta Pitaka (Early) Pali Canon: Abhidhamma Pitaka (Early-Mid) Dhammapada (Early) The Lankavatara Sutra (Mid) Vigrahavyāvartanī (Early) Śūnyatāsaptati (Mid) Yuktiṣaṣṭikā (Mid) Ratnāvalī (Mid-to-late) Zen and the Birds of Appetite (Late) Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer (Early) Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (Mid-career) Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? (Mid-career, post-EPR) Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Late) Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Final) Plato's Dialectical Ethics (Early) Philosophical Hermeneutics (Late-middle) The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (Late) Reason in the Age of Science (Late) Speech and Phenomena (Early) Margins of Philosophy (Middle (one of three 1972 volumes)) Limited Inc (Middle-late) Specters of Marx (Late) Philosophy of New Music (Middle) Aesthetic Theory (Final) Essays, Moral and Political (Middle) The History of England (Late) Shibun Yōryō (Early) Naobi no Mitama (Middle) Kojiki-den (Late (career-spanning))

Nature includes its limits; colonisation is bounded by what the cosmos allows.

18 schools

On these views, humans operate within a given natural order whose laws and limits set the terms. Space colonisation is fine to the extent that it is actually possible — radiation, gravity wells, biological tolerances — and folly to the extent that it requires denying what the cosmos is.

Why these schools land hereNaturalism, Realism, Determinism, Eternalism, Multiverse, Analytic Metaphysics, OOO, Logical Positivism, Empiricism, Structuralism, Occasionalism, Taoism, Samkhya, and Reformed Christianity share the Passive-observer-of-a-given-order signature. They tend to be cautious about colonisation framings that treat humans as the makers of new natural facts; the natural facts will decide what is possible. The Reformed view adds that creation is given by God and human extension into it is appropriate only as stewardship under that giving.
Works: Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi — Inner Chapters Confessions (Early) On the Bondage of the Will Institutes of the Christian Religion (Late) City of God (Late) Letter on Humanism (Late) Outlines of Pyrrhonism The Mystical Theology The Incoherence of the Philosophers The Order of Things Of Grammatology Discipline and Punish (Late) Commentary on Romans (Early) The Question Concerning Technology (Late) Anti-Pelagian writings (Late (Augustine's last great theological controversy, occupying the final two decades of his life)) Kyōgyōshinshō (Mature) Tannishō (Posthumous (the principal popular source for Shinran's teaching)) Jōdo Wasan (Late) A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime (Late) The Bluest Eye (Mid) The Iliad, or the Poem of Force (Late) Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman (Late) Necropolitics (Mature) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (Mid) Original Sin (Late) Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle (Late) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Early) Call to Arms (Nahan) (Mid) Yuishinshō Mon'i (Mature) Shōzōmatsu Wasan (Late) The Search After Truth (Early-to-mid) Treatise on Nature and Grace (Mid) Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion (Mid-to-late) The Science of the Cross (Late) The Memorandum (Early) Exposition du système du monde (Mid) Traité de mécanique céleste (Mid-to-late) Théorie analytique des probabilités (Late) Babar Vani (Mid) From a Logical Point of View (Mid-career) Set Theory and Its Logic (Mid-career) Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (Mid-to-late) The Roots of Reference (Late) Pursuit of Truth (Late) The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms (Final) The Aims of the Philosophers (Middle) The Niche of Lights (Late) Factory Journal (Middle) Letter to a Priest (Final) Sermons (Career-spanning (Geneva preaching)) Paradoxes (fragments) Hexaemeron (Late) Vulgate (Latin Bible translation) (Mature) Hymn to Zeus

Cultivating worlds beyond Earth is the next form of stewardship.

68 schools

On these views, humans are active participants in a real natural order, and extending cultivation into new domains is what we do well when we do it well. Terraforming, settlement, asteroid use, the long-term spread of life-bearing capacity — these are continuations of the work we have always done, with the same stewardship obligations.

Why these schools land hereCatholic / Thomistic, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, LDS, Islamic, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Manichaean, Dvaita Vedānta, Confucianism, Hylomorphism, Dialectical Materialism, Critical Realism, Stoicism, Jainism, Deism, and Transhumanism share the Active-observer-in-real-nature signature. Transhumanism in particular endorses the colonisation project explicitly. The Abrahamic traditions support it conditionally on appropriate moral framing; Confucianism reads the extension of cultivation as continuous with the cultivation of self and society.
Works: The Bhagavad Gita Timaeus (Late) Nicomachean Ethics Letter to Menoeceus Meditations Summa Theologiae Meditations on First Philosophy Pensées Ethics Fear and Trembling (Early) On the Origin of Species The Myth of Sisyphus Being and Nothingness Mere Christianity The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) The New Testament The Quran The Analects Metaphysics Leviathan An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Capital, Volume I (Late) On Liberty The Second Sex Utilitarianism The Communist Manifesto (Early) The Consolation of Philosophy Proslogion A Theory of Justice The Guide of the Perplexed Yoga Sutras An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Late) Letters and Papers from Prison (Late) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Late) The Varieties of Religious Experience Metaphysics of The Book of Healing (Late) An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (Late) De Anima A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (Early) Monadology (Late) Fides et Ratio (Late) Politics On the Nature of the Gods (Late) Mencius Xunzi On the Trinity (Late) Summa Contra Gentiles (Early) Revelations of Divine Love The Imitation of Christ Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Late) The Zohar De Cive (Early) Two Treatises of Government (Late) The Sickness Unto Death (Late) Either/Or (Early) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Democracy in America Theses on Feuerbach (Early) The Problems of Philosophy (Early) The Foundations of Arithmetic Experience and Nature (Late) How to Make Our Ideas Clear The Human Condition Relativity: The Special and General Theory The Selfish Gene Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Novum Organum The Open Society and Its Enemies Concluding Unscientific Postscript On Free Choice of the Will (Early) A History of Western Philosophy (Late) The Courage to Be After Virtue Theory of Communicative Action The Abolition of Man Physics Theological-Political Treatise (Early) The Brothers Karamazov (Late) Existentialism Is a Humanism Opticks (Late) Laws (Latest) A Letter Concerning Toleration (Late) The Natural History of Religion (Late) Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Late) The Cost of Discipleship (Early) Pragmatism (Late) Political Liberalism (Late) Two Dogmas of Empiricism Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Early) Cur Deus Homo (Late) The Ethics of Ambiguity (Early) The Subjection of Women (Late) The Rebel (Late) Categories The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Early-to-late (he revised it throughout his life)) Principia Mathematica (Early (both authors)) The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Late (post-crisis)) On Interpretation Gettysburg Address (Mature (Civil War)) Second Inaugural Address (Late (six weeks before assassination)) Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Mid-late (the second of the After Virtue trilogy)) Why I Am Not a Christian (Mid-late) The Problem of Pain (Mid (post-conversion, pre-Narnia)) Discourse on the Method (Mid (1637, in mature middle age; preceding the Meditations of 1641)) Theodicy (Late) Logical Investigations (Early (the breakthrough work that founds phenomenology)) A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (Mid (Northampton pastorate; the major work of evangelical reflection)) Divine Comedy: Inferno (Late (Dante's exile years)) A Plain Account of Christian Perfection (Late) I and Thou (Mid (the foundational statement of dialogical philosophy)) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Mid-late (after The Human Condition, before The Life of the Mind)) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Late (the mature systematic philosophy)) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Mid (the breakthrough book)) Works of Love (Late (after the pseudonymous works; the major direct theological work)) The Will to Believe (Mid (between Principles of Psychology and Varieties of Religious Experience)) The Nature and Destiny of Man (Mid-late (Niebuhr's major systematic work)) Adventures of Ideas (Late (Whitehead's last major book)) The Origins of Totalitarianism (Mid (Arendt's breakthrough book)) On Revolution (Late (after Eichmann in Jerusalem)) Dependent Rational Animals (Late (the explicit Thomist completion of the After Virtue trilogy)) Life Together (Mid (between the Cost of Discipleship and the prison theology)) The Copernican Revolution (Early (Kuhn's first book)) The Sovereignty of Good (Mid (her major philosophical statement, alongside Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals 1992)) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Epistle to the Romans (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Early (the most ambitious early work, before the Arcades Project)) The Social Contract (Late (after the two Discourses; the political conclusion of Rousseau's mature thought)) Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Mid (between the First Discourse and the Social Contract)) The Principles of Psychology (Mid (the major early work; foundational for both psychology and pragmatist philosophy)) Monologion (Early (Anselm's first major work, before the Proslogion)) Otherwise than Being (Late (the more radical successor to Totality and Infinity, 1961)) The Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Early (Erasmus's first major work)) The Plague (Mid (between The Stranger and The Rebel)) Brave New World (Mid (Huxley's breakthrough novel)) Ideas and Opinions (Late (the most comprehensive single-volume collection)) Science and the Modern World (Mid (the major statement of philosophical-cultural critique, preceding the technical metaphysics of Process and Reality)) Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (Late (third volume of the After Virtue trilogy)) Letter from Birmingham Jail (Mid (the canonical theological-political document)) Strength to Love (Mid (the major collection of sermons)) The Need for Roots (Posthumous) Sanctorum Communio (Earliest (Bonhoeffer's dissertation at age 21)) Love and Responsibility (Early (his major pre-papal work; drawn from pastoral and academic teaching)) The Acting Person (Mid (his major academic-philosophical work, before his 1978 papal election)) Hind Swaraj (Early (the founding text of Gandhi's mature political-philosophical vision)) Mishneh Torah (Mid (the major legal work, between the early Commentary on the Mishnah and the late Guide of the Perplexed)) Sister Outsider (Mid (the major prose collection of Lorde's career)) Tales of the Hasidim (Late (Buber's mature engagement with the Hasidic tradition)) A Black Theology of Liberation (Early (the systematic founding text of the field)) The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Late (Cone's major late book)) Gitanjali (Mid (the Nobel-winning collection)) Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (Mid (the major philosophical prose statement)) No Future Without Forgiveness (Late (the major reflective work after the TRC)) No Exit (Mid (alongside Being and Nothingness)) Critique of Dialectical Reason (Late (Sartre's major late philosophical work)) Crime and Punishment (Mid (the first of Dostoevsky's great late novels)) The Idiot (Mid (after Crime and Punishment, before Demons and Karamazov)) Demons (Mid-late (the third of the four great novels)) Moral Man and Immoral Society (Early-mid (Niebuhr's breakthrough book that established Christian realism)) The Irony of American History (Late (Niebuhr's major Cold War political-theological book)) Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Late (Berlin lectures of the 1820s, his mature mature)) Lectures on Aesthetics (Late (Berlin lectures)) Madness and Civilization (Early (Foucault's breakthrough work, his doctoral dissertation)) The Birth of the Clinic (Early-mid (between Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things)) The Archaeology of Knowledge (Mid (methodological transition between archaeological and genealogical phases)) Liber Divinorum Operum (Late (the culmination of her visionary trilogy)) On Christian Doctrine (Mid-late (composed across three decades)) Principles of Political Economy (Mid (Mill's major economic work)) A System of Logic (Early (Mill's first major book, the foundation of his philosophical reputation)) Time and the Other (Early (the breakthrough early work, before Totality and Infinity)) Difficult Freedom (Mid (alongside Totality and Infinity)) Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (Late (Berlin lectures)) De Brevitate Vitae (Mid) De Providentia (Late) Prior and Posterior Analytics On the Heavens Parisian Questions (Mid-late) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mid (Leibniz's breakthrough philosophical statement)) New Essays on Human Understanding (Late) Praise of Folly (Mid (Erasmus's most widely read book)) Adagia (Long (composed across Erasmus's entire mature career)) Psychological Types (Mid (the major systematic work after his 1912-13 break with Freud)) Modern Man in Search of a Soul (Mid-late (mature systematic statement)) The Interpretation of Dreams (Early (the founding work of psychoanalysis)) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Early-mid (after the Interpretation of Dreams)) Mrs Dalloway (Mid (the first major modernist novel of Woolf's maturity)) To the Lighthouse (Mid (Woolf at the height of her powers)) Hamlet (Mid (mature middle period)) King Lear (Mid-late (the major tragedies)) Tristes Tropiques (Mid (Lévi-Strauss's most widely read book)) Kitáb-i-Íqán (Mid (pre-declaration in 1863)) Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Late (the major late doctrinal-legal book)) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid (the major play of Soyinka's career)) The Savage Mind (Mid (the systematic statement of structural anthropology)) Structural Anthropology (Mid (the methodological consolidation)) Reason, Truth and History (Mid (the major mid-career book, the systematic statement of internal realism)) What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (Mid (Douglass at the height of his oratorical powers)) Ninety-Five Theses (Early (the founding act of the Reformation)) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Early (1520, foundational year)) The Waste Land (Mid (the canonical modernist poem)) Tradition and the Individual Talent (Early (Eliot's major early critical statement)) Convivio (Mid (early years of exile, preceding the Comedy)) Tahāfut al-Tahāfut (Mid-late (Averroes's major systematic philosophical defence)) The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Late (the mature systematic statement of archetypal psychology)) A Time for Choosing (Early (launched Reagan's political career)) Tear Down This Wall (Late (Reagan presidency at its rhetorical peak)) A Vindication of the Rights of Men (Early (preceding the more famous 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman)) Faust, Part I (Mid (composed across Goethe's career; Part I the major mid-career work)) The Power of the Powerless (Mid (Havel as principal Charter 77 dissident)) First Inaugural Address (Mid (the inauguration after twelve years of Republican presidency)) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Early) Parerga and Paralipomena (Late) Provincial Letters (Late) An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Mid-late) Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Early) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Mid) Achieving Our Country (Late) Representation and Reality (Mid) Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Late) Symphonia harmoniae caelestium revelationum (Mid-late) Gravitation (Mid-late) Beloved (Mid (the Pulitzer-winning major novel)) Playing in the Dark (Mid-late) The Sea of Fertility (Late (the major late work, completed the day of his 1970 ritual suicide)) The Reasonableness of Christianity (Late) Creation and Fall (Early-mid) The Lion and the Jewel (Early) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) Psychology and Alchemy (Late) Answer to Job (Late) Peace with God (Early-mid) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mid) Principles of Nature and Grace (Late) De Tranquillitate Animi (Mid-late) De Vita Beata (Mid-late) Eudemian Ethics Parmenides Sophist Man's Search for Meaning (Mid-late) Systematic Theology (Mid) Island (Late) Mystics and Zen Masters (Late) The Prophetic Faith (Late) Eclipse of God (Late) Commentary on the Mishnah (Early-mid) Anasakti Yoga: The Gita According to Gandhi (Mid-late) The Symbolism of Evil (Early) Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary (Early) Time and Narrative (Late) Oneself as Another (Late) Memory, History, Forgetting (Late) Writing and Difference (Early) Word and Object (Mid) Civilization and Its Discontents (Late) The Future of an Illusion (Late) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Late) Dialectic of Enlightenment (Mid) Negative Dialectics (Late) Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (Mid) Eclipse of Reason (Mid) One-Dimensional Man (Late) Eros and Civilization (Mid) Theses on the Philosophy of History (Late) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Late) The Wretched of the Earth (Late) Black Skin, White Masks (Early) Knowledge and Human Interests (Early) Between Facts and Norms (Late) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Mid) Truth and Method (Mid) Gender Trouble (Early) Bodies That Matter (Early) Orientalism (Mid) Culture and Imperialism (Late) Can the Subaltern Speak? (Mid) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Early) Democracy and Education (Mid) Art as Experience (Late) The Quest for Certainty (Late) The Fixation of Belief (Early) The Philosophy of Loyalty (Late) Modes of Thought (Late) A Theology of Liberation (Early (Gutiérrez's breakthrough work; the founding text of the school)) Symbols of Transformation (Early (the 1912 break-from-Freud book; revised in 1952 as the mature statement of analytical psychology's mythopoeic register)) The Elementary Structures of Kinship (Early (Lévi-Strauss's breakthrough work; the foundation of structural anthropology)) Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Late (Næss's mature statement; the systematic expansion of his 1973 "shallow vs deep ecology" essay)) The Conscious Mind (Early (Chalmers's breakthrough book, derived from his 1993 Indiana PhD)) Tool-Being (Early (Harman's breakthrough work, derived from his 1999 DePaul PhD)) On the Plurality of Worlds (Late (Lewis's mature systematic statement of the modal-realist programme)) Time and Modality (Early (Prior's first major synthesis of tense logic, derived from his 1955-56 Oxford Locke Lectures)) Guru Granth Sahib The Avesta The Book of Mormon The Kephalaia The Odu Ifá Corpus Church Dogmatics (Mid) Foundations of Christian Faith (Late) The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics (Late) Jesus Christ and Mythology (Late) Theology of the New Testament (Late) A Community of Character (Mid) Theology of Hope (Early) Systematic Theology (Late) The Politics of Jesus (Mid) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Early) Conjectures and Refutations (Mid) The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Late) Against Method (Mid) The Logical Syntax of Language (Mid) Aspects of Scientific Explanation (Mid) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (Late) The Uses of Argument (Early) Patterns of Discovery (Early) The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Mid) The Visible and the Invisible (Late) The Prose of the World (Mid) Being Given (Late) The Essence of Manifestation (Early) Heretical Essays in the Philosophy of History (Late) Finite and Eternal Being (Late) Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values (Mid) The Mystery of Being (Late) Philosophy (Mid) Philosophy of Existence (Late) Essays on Actions and Events (Mid) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Mid) Naming and Necessity (Mid) Counterfactuals (Early) Mind and World (Late) Making It Explicit (Mid) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Mid) Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (Early) Intention (Mid) Truth and Other Enigmas (Mid) Reflections on the Revolution in France (Late) The Federalist Papers (Mid) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Mid) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Early) Spheres of Justice (Mid) Sources of the Self (Mid) A Secular Age (Late) Two Concepts of Liberty (Mid) The Hedgehog and the Fox (Mid) The Concept of the Political (Mid) Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Mid) Śrī Bhāṣya (Mid) Anuvyākhyāna (Mid) Shōbōgenzō (Late) Wild Ivy (Itsumadegusa) (Late) Attaining Enlightenment in This Very Existence (Sokushin Jōbutsu Gi) (Early) Lam rim chen mo (The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment) (Mid) Inquiry on the Great Learning (Daxue Wen) (Late) Zhuzi Yulei (Conversations of Master Zhu, Arranged Topically) (Late) The Life Divine (Late) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mid) Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt (Remarks and Admonitions) (Late) Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) (Late) al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations) (Late) al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʿāliya fī l-Asfār al-ʿAqliyya al-Arbaʿa (Transcendent Wisdom in the Four Intellectual Journeys) (Late) Ḥikmat al-Ishrāq (The Philosophy of Illumination) (Mid) Mabādiʾ Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīna al-Fāḍila (Principles of the Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City) (Mid) Fī l-Falsafa al-Ūlā (On First Philosophy) (Early) Muqaddimah (Late) Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (The Mind's Road to God) (Mid) Ordinatio (Late) Summa Logicae (Late) De Docta Ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) (Late) The Divine Names (De Divinis Nominibus) (Late) The Life of Moses (De Vita Moysis) (Late) Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature) (Mid) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Late) The Feminine Mystique (Late) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Mid) Frontiers of Justice (Late) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Mid) Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Late) Christ in a Pluralistic Age (Mid) Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Late) Ethics (Ethik) (Late) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (Mid) On Nature and Purifications (Fragments) (Early) On Nature (Fragments) (Early) Discourses (Diatribai) (Mid) Enchiridion (Handbook) (Late) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (Mid) Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Late) Moralia (Ēthika) (Late) Isagoge (Introduction to Aristotle's Categories) (Late) Adversus Mathematicos (Against the Mathematicians / Professors) (Late) On First Principles (Peri Archōn / De Principiis) (Early) On the Incarnation (De Incarnatione Verbi Dei) (Early) On the Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sancto) (Late) Theological Orations (Orations 27-31) (Mid) Ambigua to John (Ambigua ad Iohannem) (Late) Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (De Fide Orthodoxa) (Late) Hymns of Divine Love (Hymnoi tōn Theiōn Erōtōn) (Late) Triads (Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts) (Late) The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (Mid) The Bride of the Lamb (Late) Sic et Non (Yes and No) (Early) Didascalicon (On the Study of Reading) (Early) The Dark Night (La Noche Oscura) (Late) The Interior Castle (Castillo Interior) (Late) Ars Magna (Ars Generalis Ultima) (Late) The Mirror of Simple Souls (Le Mirouer des Simples Âmes) (Late) Oration on the Dignity of Man (Oratio de hominis dignitate) (Mid) The Prince (Il Principe) (Late) Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio) (Late) On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (De l'Infinito Universo e Mondi) (Late) Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno à Due Nuove Scienze) (Late) The Sceptical Chymist (Mid) Historical and Critical Dictionary (Dictionnaire Historique et Critique) (Late) New Science (Late) The Spirit of the Laws (De l'esprit des lois) (Late) Candide (Candide, ou l'Optimisme) (Late) Philosophical Letters (Lettres Philosophiques / Lettres Anglaises) (Mid) Utopia (De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia) (Mid) The Passions of the Soul (Les Passions de l'âme) (Late) Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Late) Time and Free Will (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience) (Early) Matter and Memory (Matière et Mémoire) (Mid) Creative Evolution (L'évolution créatrice) (Late) Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt) (Early) The Christian Faith (Der christliche Glaube) (Late) Biographia Literaria (Mid) Preface to Lyrical Ballads (Early) A Confession (Ispoved') (Late) Leaves of Grass (Late) Faust, Part Two (Faust: Der Tragödie zweiter Teil) (Late) Consciousness Explained (Mid) The Construction of Social Reality (Late) Speech Acts (Early) The View from Nowhere (Mid) Warranted Christian Belief (Late) An Essay on Free Will (Mid) Reasons and Persons (Mid) On Bullshit (Late) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Late) The Philosophy of Philosophy (Late) Difference and Repetition (Différence et Répétition) (Mid) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 1 (Late) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 2 (Late) Écrits (Mid) The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (Late) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (La condition postmoderne) (Late) Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (Pouvoirs de l'horreur) (Mid) Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum, de l'autre femme) (Mid) Simulacra and Simulation (Simulacres et simulation) (Late) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Late) An Inquiry into the Good (Zen no Kenkyū) (Early) Climate and Culture (Fūdo: ningengakuteki kōsatsu) (Mid) Philosophy as Metanoetics (Zangedō to shite no tetsugaku) (Late) African Religions and Philosophy (Mid) Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Late) Philosophy of Liberation (Filosofía de la Liberación) (Mid) Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana) (Mid) Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza (Mid) The Idea of Latin America (Late) Toward the African Revolution (Late) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency (Après la finitude) (Late) We Have Never Been Modern (Nous n'avons jamais été modernes) (Mid) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory (Late) Silent Spring (Late) A Sand County Almanac (Late) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Late) The Dream of the Earth (Late) The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (Late) Critique of Cynical Reason (Kritik der zynischen Vernunft) (Mid) The End of History and the Last Man (Mid) The Emperor's New Mind (Late) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Mid) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (Mid) Ways of Worldmaking (Late) The Claim of Reason (Mid) Natural Goodness (Late) Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Mid) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Late) The Many Faces of Realism (Mid) The Social Construction of What? (Late) The Justification of the Good (Opravdanie dobra) (Late) The Destiny of Man (O naznachenii cheloveka) (Mid) Athens and Jerusalem (Athènes et Jérusalem) (Late) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Essai sur la théologie mystique de l'Église d'Orient) (Mid) The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Late) Freedom of the Will (Late) An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Mid) Orthodoxy (Mid) Mere Christianity (Mid) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Mid) Notes on the State of Virginia (Mid) Common Sense (Mid) The Age of Reason (Late) The Souls of Black Folk (Mid) Mind, Self, and Society (Late) The World and the Individual (Mid) The Education of Henry Adams (Late) Twenty Years at Hull-House (Late) A Theology for the Social Gospel (Late) The Long Loneliness (Late) A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Mid) Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (Zhi de zhijue yu Zhongguo zhexue) (Late) Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (Dongxi wenhua ji qi zhexue) (Early) The Importance of Living (Mid) Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (Late) Religion and Nothingness (Shūkyō to wa nani ka) (Mid) The Hindu View of Life (Mid) The First and Last Freedom (Mid) Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Late) Being Peace (Late) Rerum Novarum (Late) Gaudium et Spes (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) The Voice of the Voiceless (Late) Church: Charism and Power (Igreja: carisma e poder) (Mid) Christ the Liberator: A View from the Victims (Late) Black Elk Speaks (Late) God Is Red: A Native View of Religion (Late) Women, Race & Class (Mid) Black Feminist Thought (Mid) Reality+ (Late (Chalmers's major popular-and-technical synthesis on virtual reality and the simulation hypothesis)) Paradiso (Divine Comedy, Cantica III) (Late) Don Quixote (El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) (Late) Paradise Lost (Late) Gulliver's Travels (Late) An Essay on Man (Late) Ficciones (Mid) Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot) (Mid) Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili) (Mid) One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (Mid) A Vision (Late) Begriffsschrift (Early) On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Early) The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Mid) Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre) (Mid) The Science of Mechanics (Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung) (Mid) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (La Théorie physique: son objet, sa structure) (Late) Science and Hypothesis (La Science et l'hypothèse) (Late) The Philosophy of Space and Time (Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre) (Mid) Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Mid) The Essential Tension (Late) The Trial (Der Process) (Late) Ulysses (Mid) A Room of One's Own (Late) Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann) (Mid) The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) (Late) Middlemarch (Late) The Sound and the Fury (Mid) Collected Poems (Late) The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (Mid) 1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (Late) The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality (Late) Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism (Mid) When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times (Late) Raja Yoga: Conquering the Internal Nature (Late) Autobiography of a Yogi (Late) The Language Instinct (Late) Syntactic Structures (Early) Metaphors We Live By (Late) Animal Liberation (Mid) Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Late) Escape from Freedom (Mid) The Sociological Imagination (Mid) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Mid) The Social Construction of Reality (Mid) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (La Distinction) (Mid) The Culture of Narcissism (Late) Liquid Modernity (Late) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Late) The Fall of Public Man (Mid) Our Mathematical Universe (Late) God in Search of Man (Late) Halakhic Man (Ish ha-Halakhah) (Mid) The Life of the Mind (Late) The Sublime Object of Ideology (Mid) A Brief History of Time (Late) Full Catastrophe Living (Late) Thinking, Fast and Slow (Late) The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Late) Cosmopolitics (Late) The Black Swan (Late) Long Walk to Freedom (Late) The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Late) The Gulag Archipelago (Late) If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (Mid) The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) (Late) Austerlitz (Late) The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy (Mid) Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Le Capital au XXIe siècle) (Late) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Late) Second Treatise of Government (Late) Confessions (Late) An Essay on the Principle of Population (Late) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Late) The Methods of Ethics (Late) Principia Ethica (Early) Language, Truth, and Logic (Early) The Concept of Mind (Mid) How to Do Things with Words (Late) The Blue and Brown Books (Mid) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Late) The Division of Labor in Society (Early) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mid) Economy and Society (Late) The Philosophy of Money (Mid) Development as Freedom (Late) The Star of Redemption (Mid) Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Late) On Sense and Reference (Mid) Intentionality (Mid) The Language of Thought (Mid) The Sources of Normativity (Mid) Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Late) The Struggle for Recognition (Mid) Astronomia Nova (Mid) De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Late) A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Late) What Is Life? (Late) Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Late) A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Mid) Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Late) The Growth of Biological Thought (Late) Wonderful Life (Late) The Double Helix (Mid) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Late) The Character of Physical Law (Mid) Experiments on Plant Hybridization (Late) Traité élémentaire de chimie (Late) Descartes' Error (Late) The Art of War (Early) Mozi (Early) War and Peace (Mid) Anna Karenina (Mid) Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (Mid) On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Mid) Duino Elegies (Late) The Oresteia (Early) The Bacchae (Late) A Doll's House (Mid) The Cherry Orchard (Late) Kokoro (Late) Things Fall Apart (Mid) Disgrace (Late) History of the Peloponnesian War (Early) The Histories (Early) The Annals (Late) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Late) The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Mid) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Late) Prison Notebooks (Late) History and Class Consciousness (Mid) The State and Revolution (Late) Parallel Lives (Late) Course in General Linguistics (Late) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Late) The Road to Serfdom (Mid) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Late) The Interpretation of Cultures (Late) The Logic of Practice (Late) The Construction of Reality in the Child (Mid) Thought and Language (Mid) The Mind of Primitive Man (Late) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Mid) Childhood and Society (Mid) Motivation and Personality (Mid) Attachment and Loss (Late) Envy and Gratitude (Late) Foundations of Geometry (Mid) The Home and the World (Late) The Dispossessed (Late) Mother Courage and Her Children (Late) The German Ideology (Early) The Poetics of Space (Late) On Photography (Late) Ways of Seeing (Late) Studies in Iconology (Late) The Story of Art (Mid) Pride and Prejudice (Mid) Bleak House (Mid) Wuthering Heights (Mid) Moby-Dick (Mid) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mid) The Great Gatsby (Mid) The Lord of the Rings (Late) Foundation (Mid) Their Eyes Were Watching God (Mid) Midnight's Children (Mid) The Cairo Trilogy (Mid) My Name Is Red (Mid) My Brilliant Friend (Late) Gravity's Rainbow (Mid) Blood Meridian (Late) The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (Late) Canto General (Mid) Hopscotch (Mid) 2666 (Late) Decolonising the Mind (Late) Proof of an External World (Late) Sense and Sensibilia (Late) Scientific Thought (Mid) Past, Present and Future (Late) A Realist Theory of Science (Mid) The Possibility of Naturalism (Mid) A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (Early) Book of Concord (Late) Westminster Confession of Faith (Mid) On True and False Religion (Mid) On the Providence of God (Late) Christ and Culture (Late) New Testament and Mythology (Late) Beyond God the Father (Mid) God of the Oppressed (Mid) On Job (Late) Sexism and God-Talk (Mid) Jesus the Liberator (Late) The God of Life (Late) Instruction on Certain Aspects of the "Theology of Liberation" (Late) Anti-Duhring (Late) Fathers and Sons (Mid) A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (Late) A New Kind of Science (Mid) Homo Deus (Late) The Singularity Is Near (Late) Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? (Mid) Snow Crash (Mid) Realism with a Human Face (Late) Hyperobjects (Late) The Quadruple Object (Late) The Structure of Objects (Mid) Things and Their Parts (Mid) Writing the Book of the World (Mid) Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics (Early) Capital (Late) Food of the Gods (Late) Realms of the Human Unconscious (Mid) Experiencing God (Late) The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme)) An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution to Einstein's Field Equations (Mature (the Princeton period — Gödel's only published paper in general relativity)) Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now (Mature (Lanier's short polemical follow-up to Who Owns the Future?, 2013, and Dawn of the New Everything, 2017)) Translations and commentaries on Aristotle's Categories (Mature (the late translation programme Boethius announced and partly completed before his death)) Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178)) Modern Moral Philosophy (Mature (the journal paper that reshaped Anglophone moral philosophy)) Duration and Simultaneity (Mature (the disastrous engagement with Einstein that damaged Bergson's standing among physicists)) Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Late (Murdoch's longest and most ambitious philosophical book, published nine years after the Gifford Lectures)) The Bell (Early-mature (Murdoch's fourth novel, the first to establish her mature manner)) The Fragility of Goodness (Mature (the book that established Nussbaum as a major figure)) Upheavals of Thought (Late-mature (Nussbaum's magnum opus, eight years in the writing after the Gifford Lectures)) On Violence (Late (Arendt's most-cited short political essay, written in response to the 1968 student movements)) Men in Dark Times (Late (collected from essays spanning more than a decade)) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Mature (Kripke's second major book after Naming and Necessity, 1980)) On What Matters (Late (Parfit's final, three-decade-in-the-making work — his second after Reasons and Persons, 1984)) An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution (Late (Wollstonecraft's last completed major non-fiction work, three years before her death)) Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Early (Wollstonecraft's first published book, written from her experience as a governess and a school proprietress)) Aion (Late (one of Jung's last and most ambitious works, written in his mid-seventies)) The Undiscovered Self (Late (one of Jung's last short works, written at 82)) De Officiis (Late (Cicero's last completed philosophical work, written in the months before his proscription and execution)) De Re Publica (Mid-mature (Cicero's political philosophical synthesis, composed during the breakdown of the late Republic)) Tusculan Disputations (Late (composed in the year of Cicero's daughter's death, in his most intense period of philosophical writing)) Convention: A Philosophical Study (Early (Lewis's first book, published at 28, the year he began at UCLA)) Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Mature (after Mere Christianity and Screwtape; the most philosophical of Lewis's apologetic works)) Disputed Questions on Truth (Early-mature (Aquinas's first major work after the Sentences commentary)) On Evil (Late (Aquinas's mature treatment of evil and the passions, parallel to the Summa)) Compendium of Theology (Late (begun during the Roman regency, unfinished at Aquinas's death)) Colloquia (Mature (the work that grew through Erasmus's most productive decades and was repeatedly enlarged)) De Libero Arbitrio (Late (the treatise that publicly broke the Erasmus-Luther alliance, written after seven years of pressure for Erasmus to declare his position)) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mature (the work that established Erasmus's international reputation and reshaped biblical scholarship)) The Vision of God (Mature (one of Cusa's most condensed and beautiful late works)) The Dialogue of Divine Providence (Late (composed in Catherine's last two years, in the midst of her efforts to reform the Church and end the Avignon papacy)) Physica and Causae et Curae (Mid-mature (Hildegard's middle period, between her three major visionary works)) Against Marcion (Mature (Tertullian's longest and most systematic work)) Against Praxeas (Late (composed in Tertullian's Montanist period but with orthodox Trinitarian content)) On the Resurrection of the Flesh (Mature (one of Tertullian's longest and most carefully argued treatises)) Al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya fi'l-Asfar al-'Aqliyya al-Arba'a (Late (the synthesis of his entire mature philosophy)) al-Kashf ʿan Manāhij al-Adilla (Mature) Letters to the Son of the Wolf (Last (less than a year before his 1892 death)) My Bondage and My Freedom (Mature (Douglass's second autobiography, written after his break with Garrison and the founding of his own newspaper)) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Late (Douglass's third autobiography, covering his post-1855 political career)) Sidereus Nuncius (Early-mid (the breakthrough that established Galileo's international reputation)) The Assayer (Mature (composed during the brief honeymoon between Galileo and the new Pope Urban VIII)) Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (Mature (composed at the height of the developing controversy with Rome)) Custer Died for Your Sins (Mature (Deloria's breakthrough book, written at 36)) Race Matters (Mature (the book that established West as a major public intellectual)) The American Evasion of Philosophy (Mature (West's major work of intellectual history, written before the Race Matters celebrity)) Democracy Matters (Late-mature (the post-9/11 sequel to the 1993 Race Matters)) Dictionnaire philosophique (Late (composed during the Ferney years)) Traité sur la tolérance (Late (the campaign-treatise of the Ferney period)) Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Mid (the work that established Voltaire as a public intellectual of European reach)) Political Treatise (Late (Spinoza's last work, left incomplete at his death)) Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (Early (Spinoza's first major philosophical project, left incomplete as the Ethics took shape)) Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (Early (Spinoza's first published work)) Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (Early (the work that launched Rousseau's career)) Julie (Mature (the literary high-point of Rousseau's career, between Social Contract and Émile)) Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Late (Seneca's last completed major work, composed in retirement)) De Beneficiis (Mid-mature (composed during Seneca's most influential political-philosophical period)) Naturales Quaestiones (Late) De Otio (Late) De Constantia Sapientis (Mid) Rhetoric (Mature) Poetics (Mature) Topics (Mid-mature) Historia Animalium (Mature) On Generation and Corruption (Mature) The Mandarins (Mature) Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (Mature) Old Age (Late-mature) A Very Easy Death (Late) Orlando (Mature) Three Guineas (Late) Between the Acts (Last) Gyn/Ecology (Mature) Japji Sahib (Mature (Nānak's foundational devotional composition)) Asa Di Var (Mature) Veritatis Splendor (Mature) Evangelium Vitae (Late-mature) Theology of the Body (Mature (the major catechetical project of John Paul II's early pontificate)) Politics and Conscience (Mature (composed during Havel's dissident period before the 1989 Velvet Revolution)) Disturbing the Peace (Late-dissident (composed three years before the Velvet Revolution)) Summer Meditations (Late (the first major post-1989 reflection on the transition from dissidence to governance)) Romans (Mature (Paul's most extensive and systematic letter)) 1 Corinthians (Mature) 2 Corinthians (Mature) Galatians (Mature) Philippians (Late) 1 Thessalonians (Early) Philemon (Late) Othello (Mature) Macbeth (Mature) Antony and Cleopatra (Mature) The Tempest (Last (probably Shakespeare's last sole-authored play)) Measure for Measure (Mature) Resistance to Civil Government (Mature) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (Early-mature) The Maine Woods (Mature-late) A Plea for Captain John Brown (Mature) Slavery in Massachusetts (Mature) The American Scholar (Mature) Divinity School Address (Mature) Essays: Second Series (Mature) Representative Men (Mature) Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study (Mature) Translation of Plato's dialogues (Mature) The Christian Faith (Mature) Surprised by Joy (Late-mature) The Allegory of Love (Mature) The Discarded Image (Last) Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Early) The Sea, The Sea (Late-mature) The Black Prince (Mature) A Pluralistic Universe (Late) Some Remarks on Logical Form (Transitional) Eyeless in Gaza (Mid-mature) Brave New World Revisited (Late) Purgatorio (Mature) De Vulgari Eloquentia (Mid-mature) De Monarchia (Late) The Descent of Man (Mature) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Late) Journal of Researches (Early) The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (Last) The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (Mature) Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (Mid-mature) The World as I See It (Mid-mature) Religion and Science (Mid-mature) Out of My Later Years (Late) The Born-Einstein Letters (Mature-late) Letter to Herodotus (Mature) Principal Doctrines (Mature) Parable of the Sower (Mature) Parable of the Talents (Late-mature) Cur Deus Homo (Late-mature) On Truth (Mature) On Free Will (Mature) Faust I (Mature) Faust II (Last) Theory of Colors (Mature) Italian Journey (Late-mature retrospective) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mature) The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Last) Jesus and the Disinherited (Mature) Go Tell It on the Mountain (Early) Notes of a Native Son (Mid-mature) Giovanni's Room (Mid-mature) A Madman's Diary (Mid-mature) The True Story of Ah Q (Mature) The Sea of Fertility (Last) Patriotism (Mid-mature) Consequences of Pragmatism (Mid) Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth (Mid) Judgment Under Uncertainty (Mid) Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (Late) Words and Life (Late) Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life (Late) Choices, Values, and Frames (Mid) Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam (Late) Quantum Theory and Measurement (Mid) The Gathering Storm (Late) Their Finest Hour (Late) A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Late) The Black Unicorn (Mid) A Burst of Light (Late) Sula (Mid) Jazz (Late) Primate Visions (Mid) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (Mid) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™ (Late) Laboratory Life (Early) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) Reflections on the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression (Early) An Introduction to Zen Buddhism (Mid) Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Mature) Declaration of Independence (Early) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Early) A Summary View of the Rights of British America (Early) The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (Late) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Late) You Learn by Living (Late) Tomorrow Is Now (Late) Shabuhragan (Mature) Living Gospel (Evangelium Vivum) (Mature) Treasure of Life (Mature) Book of Mysteries (Mature) Poor Richard's Almanack (Mid) Experiments and Observations on Electricity (Mid) Fīhi mā Fīhi (Discourses) (Late) Maktūbāt (Letters) (Mature) Majālis-i Sabʿa (Seven Sermons) (Mature) Brahma-Sūtra-Bhāṣya (Mature) Mahābhārata-Tātparya-Nirṇaya (Mature) Viṣṇu-Tattva-Nirṇaya (Mature) Tattvodyota (Mature) The Book of Songs (Shijing) (Early) The Book of Documents (Shujing) (Early) The Book of Rites (Liji) (Mid) The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) (Early) A Dance of the Forests (Early) Kongi's Harvest (Mid) The Open Sore of a Continent (Late) You Must Set Forth at Dawn (Late) Bidāyat al-Mujtahid (Mature) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Mid) 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (Mid) Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks (Late) Sapiens: A Graphic History (Late) Ethics for the New Millennium (Late) The Art of Happiness (Late) Murder in the Cathedral (Mid) The Idea of a Christian Society (Mid) Approaching Hoofbeats (Mid) Quodlibetal Questions (Mature) Treatise on Predestination, Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents (Mature) Dialogue on the Power of the Pope and the Emperor (Late) Commentary on the Sentences (Early) Formal Logic (Early) Past, Present and Future (Mature) Papers on Time and Tense (Late) Objects of Thought (Late) Atlantis (Mid) Lanquidity (Late) The Magic City (Mid) Sun Ra Discography (Late) The Great World-System (Megas Diakosmos) (Mature) On the Mind (Mature) On Forms (Peri Ideōn) (Mature) Original Stories from Real Life (Early) Cosmos (Mid) Pale Blue Dot (Late) The Dragons of Eden (Mid) The Demon-Haunted World (Late) Evangelii Gaudium (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) Amoris Laetitia (Late) Fratelli Tutti (Late) Quantum Theory (Early) Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (Mid) The Undivided Universe (Late) Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (Late) Essays on the Gita (Mature) On the Postcolony (Mid) Critique of Black Reason (Late) Brutalism (Late) Bal-i Jibril (Gabriel's Wing) (Late) Javid Nama (Book of Eternity) (Late) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Early) De Motu (Mid) Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (Mid) Siris (Late) The End for Which God Created the World (Late) The Nature of True Virtue (Late) De Veritate (On Truth) (Mid) De Casu Diaboli (On the Fall of the Devil) (Mid) De Processione Spiritus Sancti (On the Procession of the Holy Spirit) (Late) The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Mature) Spring Snow (Late) The Blind Watchmaker (Mid) The Extended Phenotype (Mid) The God Delusion (Late) The Ancestor's Tale (Late) Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Early) Teaching to Transgress (Mid) All About Love (Late) The Will to Change (Late) The Crisis of Western Philosophy (Early) Lectures on Divine Humanity (Mid) The Meaning of Love (Late) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) (Mature) Der Gedanke (The Thought) (Late) Posthumous Writings (Posthumous) Function and Concept (Mature) The Raw and the Cooked (Mature) From Honey to Ashes (Mature) The Origin of Table Manners (Mature) The Naked Man (Late) We Drink from Our Own Wells (Mid) The Power of the Poor in History (Mid) Dasam Granth (Mature) Zafarnama (Mature) The Mind and its Place in Nature (Mid) Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy (Mature) Five Types of Ethical Theory (Mid) Lectures on Psychical Research (Late) Commentary on John (Mature) Commentary on Genesis (Mature) Commentary on Wisdom (Mature) The Temple of Dawn (Late) The Way of the Masks (Late) Self-Made Men (Mid-Late) West India Emancipation (Mid) Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (Mid) Living Faith (Late) Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis (Late) Sources of Strength: Meditations on Scripture for a Living Faith (Late) The Audacity of Hope (Mid) A Promised Land (Late) 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (Early) Rivonia Trial Statement (Mid) Inaugural Address (Late) Letters from Prison (Mid) Doctrine and Covenants (Mid) The Pearl of Great Price (Mid) King Follett Discourse (Late) Articles of Faith (Mid) Commentaries on the Bible (Mature) Geneva Catechism (Mid) Ecclesiastical Ordinances of Geneva (Mature) Brief Instruction Against the Anabaptists (Mid) De Legibus (On the Laws) (Mature) Academica (Academic Skepticism) (Mature) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (Mature) Kitāb al-Shifāʾ (Book of Healing) (Mature) al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (Canon of Medicine) (Mature) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mature) Ilāhiyyāt (Metaphysics of the Shifāʾ) (Mature) Essay on Conic Sections (Early) Pascal-Fermat Correspondence on Probability (Mid) De l'Esprit Géométrique (Mid) Practical Ethics (Mid) How Are We to Live? (Mid) The Expanding Circle (Mid) The Life You Can Save (Late) Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Early) Principles of Philosophy (Mature) Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth (Late) Stride Toward Freedom (Early) Why We Can't Wait (Mid) Where Do We Go from Here (Late) The Drum Major Instinct (Late) The Principles of Mathematics (Early) Our Knowledge of the External World (Mid) Mysticism and Logic (Mid) Human, All Too Human (Mid) Daybreak (Mid) Untimely Meditations (Early) Studies on Hysteria (Early) Totem and Taboo (Mid) The Ego and the Id (Late) Moses and Monotheism (Late) Psychology of the Unconscious (Early) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (Mid) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Mature) Capital, Volume II (Late) Capital, Volume III (Late) Grundrisse (Mature) Pali Canon: Vinaya Pitaka (Early) Wild Seed (Mid) Dawn (Mid) Fledgling (Late) Bloodchild and Other Stories (Mid) Anthropic Bias (Early) Global Catastrophic Risks (Mid) God Is Red (Mid) Red Earth, White Lies (Late) Spirit and Reason (Late) Evolution, Creationism, and Other Modern Myths (Late) Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Late) Interpretation and Preciseness (Mid) Spinoza and Ecology (Mid) Reclaiming Reality (Mid) Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom (Late) Tablets to the Political Leaders (Mature) Tabernacle of Unity (Late) Words of Paradise (Kalimát-i-Firdawsiyyih) (Late) The Field of Zen (Late) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early) Zen and Japanese Culture (Mid-Late) Edition of Jerome (Mature) Edition of Augustine (Late) Edition of Origen (Late) Edition of Cyprian (Mature) Reagan, In His Own Hand (Mid) The Reagan Diaries (Late) Evil Empire Speech (Late) RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (Late) The Real War (Late) Leaders (Late) A World Transformed (Late) All the Best (Late) Thousand Points of Light (Mid) Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (Late) Larger and Smaller Catechisms (Mature) Luther German Bible (Mature) Lectures on Galatians (Mature) Lectures on Genesis (Late) Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (Early) De Corpore (Late) De Homine (Late) Behemoth (Late) The Hidden God (De Deo Abscondito) (Mid) On the Beryl (De Beryllo) (Mature) On the Not-Other (De Non Aliud) (Late) The Universe in a Nutshell (Mid) The Grand Design (Late) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (Late) Isis Unveiled (Early) The Secret Doctrine (Mature) The Key to Theosophy (Late) Old Tales Retold (Gushi Xinbian) (Late) Kōsō Wasan (Mature) Mattōshō (Late) Standard Sermons (Mid-to-late) Notes Upon the New Testament (Mid) A Compendium of Natural Philosophy (Late) The Arminian Magazine (Late) Spirit in the World (Early) Hearer of the Word (Early) Theological Investigations (Mid-to-late) On the Theology of Death (Mid) Deep Is the Hunger (Mid) Meditations of the Heart (Mid) The Search for Common Ground (Late) Crying in the Wilderness (Mid) Hope and Suffering (Mid) The Rainbow People of God (Late) God Is Not a Christian (Late) Treatise on Morality (Mid) On the Problem of Empathy (Early) Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities (Early) Essays on Woman (Mid) Parimala (Mid) Tatparya Chandrika (Mid) Nyaya Mukura (Mid) Bhagavata Tatparya commentary (Mid) The Character of Consciousness (Mid) Constructing the World (Mid) Living in Truth (Mid) The Fabric of Reality (Mid) The Beginning of Infinity (Late) Sidh Gosht (Mid) Janamsakhi traditions (Post-Nānak transmission) Der Ring des Nibelungen (Middle-to-late (career-spanning)) Parsifal (Late (final completed work)) A History of Philosophy (Career-spanning) Aquinas (Mid-career) Contemporary Philosophy: Studies of Logical Positivism and Existentialism (Mid-career) Religion and Philosophy (Late) Philosophies and Cultures (Late) History of the Inductive Sciences (Mid-career) The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (Mid-career (companion to the History)) Of Induction (Mid-career polemic) Novum Organon Renovatum (Late) On the Philosophy of Discovery (Late-career capstone) A Theory of Conditionals (Early) Inquiry (Mid-career) Context and Content (Mid-to-late) Ways a World Might Be (Late-middle) Our Knowledge of the Internal World (Late) Context (Late) Origines Sacrae (Early-career) A Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion (Early-career) The Unreasonableness of Separation (Mid-career) A Discourse in Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity (Late) The Bishop of Worcester's Answer to Mr Locke (Late) The Poverty of Historicism (Mid-career) Objective Knowledge (Late) Substance and Function (Early) The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy (Middle) The Myth of the State (Final) De Trinitatis Erroribus (Early) Dialogorum de Trinitate (Early) Edition of Ptolemy's Geography (Middle) Christianismi Restitutio (Late (final)) A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (Early-career) A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion (Early-career) The Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity (Mid-career) A Just Vindication of the Church of England (Late (Civil-War exile)) A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsecal Necessity (Late) Castigations of Mr Hobbes (Late) The Catching of Leviathan (Late) Micrographia (Early-career (career-defining)) An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations (Mid-career) Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva (Mid-career) The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke (Posthumous) American Power and the New Mandarins (Early (political work)) Reflections on Language (Mid-career (linguistic work)) Manufacturing Consent (Mid-late (political work)) The Minimalist Program (Late (linguistic work)) Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei (Career-defining) De Potestate Summi Pontificis in Rebus Temporalibus (Late) Letter to Foscarini (Late) De Aeterna Felicitate Sanctorum (Late (devotional)) General Scholium (Late) Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Posthumous) Alchemical and Theological Manuscripts (Career-spanning private work) Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (Late) Perpetual Peace (Late) The Metaphysics of Morals (Late) De Institutione Musica (On Music) (Early) De Institutione Arithmetica (On Arithmetic) (Early) Theological Tractates (Opuscula Sacra) (Mid-to-late) On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Early) Intelligent Machinery (Mid) The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis (Late) On the Prescription of Heretics (Pre-Montanist) On the Flesh of Christ (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) Parts of Animals (Middle) Expression and Meaning (Mid-career) Minds, Brains, and Programs (Mid-career) Mind: A Brief Introduction (Late) Parts of Classes (Late-middle) Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology (Late) Papers in Philosophical Logic (Late) A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic (Earliest) Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic (Early) Philosophical Troubles (Late) The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (Middle) What is Cantor's Continuum Problem? (Middle-to-late) Gödel's Ontological Argument (Late (private manuscript)) An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Mid-career) Collected Philosophical Papers (Late) The Religion of Man (Late) Gora (Middle) Chitra (Early-to-middle) The Adolescent (Late) A Writer's Diary (Late) Letter to Pythocles (Mature) Vatican Sayings (Mature) Dogmatics in Outline (Late-middle) Evangelical Theology (Late) The Barmen Declaration (Middle) The Therapy of Desire (Middle) Women and Human Development (Middle-to-late) Not for Profit (Late) A Dying Colonialism (Middle (during Algerian war)) On the Virgin Conception and Original Sin (Late) Reflections on the Guillotine (Late) The First Man (Final (unfinished)) Lectures on Jurisprudence (Middle) Essays on Philosophical Subjects (Posthumous) The Analyst (Late) The First Cities (Early) Prophesy Deliverance! (Early) Black Prophetic Fire (Late) Guerrilla Metaphysics (Early) Object-Oriented Ontology (Late-middle) Another Country (Middle) No Name in the Street (Late) If Beale Street Could Talk (Late) The Roads to Freedom (Middle) The Words (Late) The Origin of Russian Communism (Late) The Beginning and the End (Late) Self-Knowledge (Posthumous) Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology (Late) The Philosophical Foundations of Physics (Late) The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (Middle) The Serenity Prayer (Middle) Gaudete et Exsultate (Late-middle (papacy)) Let Us Dream (Late-middle) Sonnets (Career-spanning) Between Man and Man (Middle-to-late) Two Types of Faith (Late) The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (Early) Bāng-i-Darā (Early-to-middle) The Human Cycle (Middle) The Secret of the Veda (Early-to-middle) Redemptor Hominis (Early (papacy)) Memory and Identity (Final) Journal of Discourses (Career-spanning) The Church and the Second Sex (Early) Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (Late-middle) Outercourse (Late) On Dialogue (Late (posthumous)) Contact (Late) Etz Chayim (Posthumous (transmission)) Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim (Posthumous (transmission)) Brahma-siddhi (Mature) Vidhi-viveka (Mature) Bhāvanā-viveka (Mature) Kitāb al-Mashāʿir (Mature) Al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyya (Mid-to-late) Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (Late) Act and Being (Early) What Is Art? (Late) The Moment (Final (year of death)) She Came to Stay (Early) Pyrrhus and Cineas (Early) You Are Not a Gadget (Early (public-philosophical career)) Who Owns the Future? (Middle (public-philosophical career)) Dawn of the New Everything (Middle-to-late) Three Conversations (Final (year of death)) The Arcades Project (Career-spanning (unfinished)) Berlin Childhood Around 1900 (Middle (composed during exile)) The Sacred Pipe (Late) The Sixth Grandfather (Posthumous (testamentary materials)) Loaves and Fishes (Middle-to-late) Martin & Malcolm & America (Mid-to-late) Letters (Career-spanning) On the Soul (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) Decision Points (Late (post-presidency)) Fragments and Testimonia On Nature (fragments) Republic (fragments) (Early) Logical Investigations (fragments) (Mature) On Providence (fragments) (Mature) On the Creation of the World On the Life of Moses Against Celsus On the Sacred Disease Memorabilia Antidosis The Histories Stromateis (Miscellanies) Against Heresies Life of Moses (Late) Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew De Officiis Ministrorum (Late) Fragments (Reconstructed) On the Natural Faculties The Consolation of Philosophy Sayings and Legal Rulings Arthashastra Thirukkural Ramayana

The 'space frontier' is partly what we make of it.

27 schools

On these views, space is not a given canvas on which we paint; it is one more domain that is constituted, in part, by the categories, practices, and imaginations we bring to it. What 'colonisation' even means is a function of frames we choose. The right question is which frame to bring.

Why these schools land hereExistentialism, Phenomenology, Pragmatism, Pragmatic Realism, Process Philosophy, Postmodernism, Constructivism, Simulation Theory, Quantum Realism, Panpsychism, Dataism, Kabbalah, Hermeticism, Platonism, Dualism, Neutral Monism, Bahá'í, Sikhism, Relativism, KTI, Wellness, Psychedelic, Gamer / Virtual-Realist, Buddhism, Absurdism, Phenomenalism, Presentism, Relationalism, Yogācāra, Epicureanism — share the Active-observer-in-emergent-matter signature. They tend to be most attentive to the framing question: 'colonisation,' 'settlement,' 'expansion,' 'leaving' are different conceptual packages with different downstream commitments.
Works: The Republic Phenomenology of Spirit (Early) Phaedo Symposium Apology (Early) Phaedrus (Late) Meno (Early) Theaetetus (Late) Crito (Early) The Birth of Tragedy (Early) Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology (Mid (the transcendental turn)) The Gay Science (Middle (between Daybreak and Zarathustra)) The History of Sexuality (Late (his last major project)) Essays: First Series (Mid (Emerson at the peak of his powers)) Zhuangzi The Perennial Philosophy (Late (Huxley's mature spiritual-philosophical synthesis)) The Doors of Perception (Late) The Concept of Nature (Early-mid (preceding Science and the Modern World, 1925)) On Nature (Fragments) Essays in Zen Buddhism (Mid (Suzuki's major early period of Western dissemination)) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early (Suzuki's first major book; preceding the Essays in Zen Buddhism by twenty years)) It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum (Late) A Cyborg Manifesto (Mid) Staying with the Trouble (Late) Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist (Late) Zen and Japanese Culture (Late) The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Late (Bergson's last major book, written after a long convalescence)) The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview (Late (Nishida's final completed essay, written months before his death)) Laughter (Early-mature (between Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution)) The Red Book (Middle (the personal experimental record from which all of Jung's later theoretical work emerged)) On Learned Ignorance (Mature (the founding work of Cusa's philosophical career, composed at age 39)) On Conjectures (Mature (the systematic epistemological development of the docta-ignorantia framework)) Ocean of Reasoning (Mature (Tsongkhapa's major philosophical-Madhyamaka work)) The Waves (Mature) Pure Lust (Late-mature) The Immeasurable Equation (Posthumous) Euthyphro (Early) Statesman (Late) Critias (Late) Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic (Early) The Nature of Existence (Late) Mind-Energy (Middle) On Abstinence from Animal Food

From the standpoint of the One, expansion across substrate is just movement within the same.

13 schools

On non-dual views, the difference between Earth and elsewhere is conventional — particular locations within a single underlying reality. Space colonisation as escape is therefore incoherent; nothing is escaped because nothing was elsewhere to escape from.

Why these schools land hereAdvaita Vedānta, Sufism, Idealism, Solipsism, Neo-Platonism, Rationalism, and Transcendentalism share obs_number=Singular. They do not typically issue specific policy positions on the colonisation question, but they cap the metaphysical weight some framings of it can carry.
Works: The Upanishads Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Early) Cartesian Meditations (Late) The Enneads The World as Will and Representation Brahma Sutra Bhāṣya The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch The German Sermons (Late) Mathnawi (Late) System of Transcendental Idealism (Early) Deliverance from Error (Late) The Concept of Anxiety (Mid (the productive year of 1844 — Concept of Anxiety, Philosophical Fragments, etc.)) Walden (Mid (Thoreau's major prose statement)) Science of Logic (Mid (the central work of the mature Hegelian system)) Émile (Late) The Logical Structure of the World (Early (Carnap's breakthrough work)) The Stranger (Early (the breakthrough novel)) Gravity and Grace (Posthumous (Weil died in 1943 at age 34)) Waiting for God (Posthumous) The Seven Storey Mountain (Early (Merton's breakthrough book; the spiritual autobiography of his conversion)) Seeds of Contemplation (1949) / New Seeds of Contemplation (Mid-late (Merton's mature contemplative theology)) An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Late-mid (looking back over the formative years)) Nausea (Early (Sartre's first novel, before Being and Nothingness)) Notes from Underground (Mid (the transition into the great late period)) The Fall (Late (Camus's last completed novel; the Nobel followed in 1957)) Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Mature (the most comprehensive single-text statement of the system)) Scivias (Early (the first of her three major visionary works)) Philosophical Fragments (Mid (the same productive 1844 as Concept of Anxiety)) Practice in Christianity (Late (the last major pseudonymous work; preceding the attack on the Danish state church)) Repetition (Early-mid (the same explosive 1843 as Either/Or and Fear and Trembling)) Existence and Existents (Early (the first major book, before Time and the Other)) Liber Vitae Meritorum (Mid (the middle volume of the visionary trilogy)) The Imaginary (Early (preceding Being and Nothingness)) Confessions of a Mask (Early (the breakthrough novel that established Mishima's literary reputation)) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Early (the first of Douglass's three autobiographies)) The Freedom of a Christian (Early (1520 is Luther's most productive year of foundational treatises)) Four Quartets (Late (Eliot's mature Anglo-Catholic period)) Vita Nuova (Early (Dante's first major work)) Why Not the Best? (Mid (pre-presidential)) The Sorrows of Young Werther (Early (the 25-year-old Goethe's breakthrough work)) Six Crises (Mid (pre-presidential, post-1960 defeat)) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) / Counsels on Discernment (Early) The Hidden Words (Early) Aké: The Years of Childhood (Mid) The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Mid) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late (the major autobiographical work)) Runaway Horses (Late) An American Life (Late) My Life (Late) Promises to Keep (Mid) Trump: The Art of the Deal (Early) No Man Is an Island (Mid) Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Late) Letters to Olga (Mid (composed during Havel's 1979-83 imprisonment)) The Cancer Journals (Mid) Long Commentary on De Anima (Late) Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre) (Early) On Nature (Peri Physeos) (Early) Opus Tripartitum (Late (Eckhart's most ambitious Latin project, undertaken in the years before the 1326 trial)) Reden der Unterweisung (Early (Eckhart's first major vernacular work, written before the trials of his last decade)) Vom Edlen Menschen (Mature (probably from the Strasbourg years before the trial)) Seven Valleys and Four Valleys (Early (composed before the 1863 proclamation)) Short Treatise on God (Early (Spinoza's first systematic presentation of his metaphysics, predating the Ethics)) Reveries of the Solitary Walker (Last (composed in Rousseau's final two years, after he had retreated from public life)) Essays: First Series (Mature) Soliloquies (Early) The Inward Journey (Late-mature) Slavery and Freedom (Late-mature) The Meaning of the Creative Act (Early-mature) The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (Late) My Early Life (Mid) Coal (Mid) Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Late) Song of Solomon (Mid) This Is My Story (Mid) Autobiography (Late) Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (Early) Dīvān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (Mature) A Confession (Mid) What I Believe (Mid) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Late) Resurrection (Late) Freedom in Exile (Mid) My Land and My People (Early) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (Early) Ash-Wednesday (Mid) Just As I Am (Late) How to Be Born Again (Mid) The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (Late) On Cheerfulness (Mature) Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Late) The Synthesis of Yoga (Mature) Asrar-i Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (Mid) Sun and Steel (Late) The Decay of the Angel (Late) Jaap Sahib (Mature) Akal Ustat (Mature) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) (Mature) Dreams from My Father (Early) Conversations with Myself (Late) The Conquest of Happiness (Mid) Ecce Homo (Late) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late) From East to West (Late) Tablet of Ahmad (Mature) Where's the Rest of Me? (Early) In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal (Late) Looking Forward (Mid) Promise Me, Dad (Late) Trump: The Art of the Comeback (Mid) De Apice Theoriae (Late) The Voice of the Silence (Late) Wandering (Panghuang) (Mid) Wild Grass (Yecao) (Mid) With Head and Heart (Late) The Sign of Jonas (Mid) The Asian Journal (Late (final)) To the Castle and Back (Late) Quaestiones in Tertium De Anima (Early-to-middle) De Anima Intellectiva (Middle (post-Aquinas-attack)) De Aeternitate Mundi (Middle) Quaestiones super Librum de Causis (Late) On Vision and Colors (Early) On the Will in Nature (Middle) The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Late) West-östlicher Divan (Late) Conversations with Eckermann (Late) Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya (Career-defining) Upadeśasāhasrī (Mature) Journal (Career-spanning)

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