Dilemma

Could the dead, in principle, be brought back?

If we had perfect information about who someone was — their connectome, their behavioral patterns, their history — could we, in principle, restore them? The question is partly engineering, but the ceiling on the engineering is metaphysical.

Context

Cryonics, whole-brain emulation research, the prospect of digital backups of biological minds, and various religious doctrines of resurrection all share an underlying question: is the information that constitutes a person the kind of thing that, in principle, could be restored after biological death? The empirical question is one matter; the philosophical question is whether the answer is determined entirely by the information's conservation status — and that depends on what kind of conservation laws the cosmos has.

Why it matters

The framing bears on the moral standing of cryonics, on the philosophical seriousness of mind-upload, on religious doctrines of resurrection, and on how to read death itself — as the destruction of something or as the change-of-state of something that, in principle, remains addressable.

The coordinates that split the schools

Information · Cosmic Conservation Whether information can be destroyed at the cosmic scale (cycles, thermodynamics) matter_conservation energy_conservation

The stances

The information that constitutes a person is conserved; restoration is in principle possible.

62 schools

On this view, the information that made the person is preserved by the structure of the cosmos — physical, divine, or both. Restoration is an engineering or theological question, not a metaphysical impossibility. The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish doctrines of bodily resurrection share the formal commitment with secular pattern-realist longtermism: the information persists; the question is what agency can act on it.

Why these schools land hereSchools with info_personal_conservation=Conserved — the religious resurrection traditions (Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, LDS, Islamic, Jewish, Bahá'í, Dvaita, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism), pattern-survival naturalists (Eternalism, Multiverse, Quantum Realism, Dataism, Transhumanism, Gamer), Cosmic-ordering soul-affirming schools (Jainism, Sāṃkhya, Platonism, Hylomorphism, Panpsychism, Process, Rationalism), Spirit-relational schools with ancestral persistence, and non-dual schools (Advaita, Sufism, Transcendentalism). They differ enormously on who or what could in principle do the restoring — God for the religious schools, sufficient technology for the secular ones, the One for the non-dual schools — but share the underlying personal-pattern-conservation commitment that makes the question meaningful.
Works: The Dhammapada The Republic Timaeus (Late) Confessions (Early) Summa Theologiae On the Bondage of the Will Institutes of the Christian Religion (Late) Meditations on First Philosophy Pensées Critique of Pure Reason Phenomenology of Spirit (Early) Fear and Trembling (Early) Mere Christianity The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) The New Testament The Quran An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Phaedo City of God (Late) The Consolation of Philosophy Proslogion The Guide of the Perplexed The Enneads An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Late) Process and Reality (Late) Letters and Papers from Prison (Late) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Late) The Varieties of Religious Experience Metaphysics of The Book of Healing (Late) An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (Late) Symposium Monadology (Late) Fides et Ratio (Late) Apology (Early) Phaedrus (Late) On the Nature of the Gods (Late) Abhidharmakośa Visuddhimagga On the Trinity (Late) Summa Contra Gentiles (Early) The German Sermons (Late) The Mystical Theology Revelations of Divine Love The Imitation of Christ Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Late) The Incoherence of the Philosophers Mathnawi (Late) The Zohar Two Treatises of Government (Late) Critique of Practical Reason (Late) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Critique of Judgment (Late) The Sickness Unto Death (Late) Either/Or (Early) System of Transcendental Idealism (Early) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Democracy in America How to Make Our Ideas Clear Totality and Infinity (Early) The Human Condition Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Novum Organum Concluding Unscientific Postscript On Free Choice of the Will (Early) Meno (Early) The Courage to Be After Virtue The Abolition of Man Commentary on Romans (Early) The Brothers Karamazov (Late) Opticks (Late) Theaetetus (Late) Crito (Early) Laws (Latest) A Letter Concerning Toleration (Late) Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Late) On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Early) The Cost of Discipleship (Early) Pragmatism (Late) Cur Deus Homo (Late) The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Early-to-late (he revised it throughout his life)) The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Late (post-crisis)) Deliverance from Error (Late) Gettysburg Address (Mature (Civil War)) Second Inaugural Address (Late (six weeks before assassination)) Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Mid-late (the second of the After Virtue trilogy)) The Problem of Pain (Mid (post-conversion, pre-Narnia)) Discourse on the Method (Mid (1637, in mature middle age; preceding the Meditations of 1641)) Theodicy (Late) Logical Investigations (Early (the breakthrough work that founds phenomenology)) Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology (Mid (the transcendental turn)) The Concept of Anxiety (Mid (the productive year of 1844 — Concept of Anxiety, Philosophical Fragments, etc.)) A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (Mid (Northampton pastorate; the major work of evangelical reflection)) Divine Comedy: Inferno (Late (Dante's exile years)) A Plain Account of Christian Perfection (Late) I and Thou (Mid (the foundational statement of dialogical philosophy)) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Mid-late (after The Human Condition, before The Life of the Mind)) Walden (Mid (Thoreau's major prose statement)) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Late (the mature systematic philosophy)) Works of Love (Late (after the pseudonymous works; the major direct theological work)) Essays: First Series (Mid (Emerson at the peak of his powers)) The Will to Believe (Mid (between Principles of Psychology and Varieties of Religious Experience)) The Nature and Destiny of Man (Mid-late (Niebuhr's major systematic work)) Adventures of Ideas (Late (Whitehead's last major book)) The Origins of Totalitarianism (Mid (Arendt's breakthrough book)) On Revolution (Late (after Eichmann in Jerusalem)) Dependent Rational Animals (Late (the explicit Thomist completion of the After Virtue trilogy)) Life Together (Mid (between the Cost of Discipleship and the prison theology)) The Sovereignty of Good (Mid (her major philosophical statement, alongside Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals 1992)) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Epistle to the Romans (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Social Contract (Late (after the two Discourses; the political conclusion of Rousseau's mature thought)) Émile (Late) Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Mid (between the First Discourse and the Social Contract)) The Principles of Psychology (Mid (the major early work; foundational for both psychology and pragmatist philosophy)) Monologion (Early (Anselm's first major work, before the Proslogion)) Otherwise than Being (Late (the more radical successor to Totality and Infinity, 1961)) The Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Early (Erasmus's first major work)) The Plague (Mid (between The Stranger and The Rebel)) The Perennial Philosophy (Late (Huxley's mature spiritual-philosophical synthesis)) The Doors of Perception (Late) Science and the Modern World (Mid (the major statement of philosophical-cultural critique, preceding the technical metaphysics of Process and Reality)) Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (Late (third volume of the After Virtue trilogy)) Letter from Birmingham Jail (Mid (the canonical theological-political document)) Strength to Love (Mid (the major collection of sermons)) Gravity and Grace (Posthumous (Weil died in 1943 at age 34)) The Need for Roots (Posthumous) Waiting for God (Posthumous) Sanctorum Communio (Earliest (Bonhoeffer's dissertation at age 21)) The Seven Storey Mountain (Early (Merton's breakthrough book; the spiritual autobiography of his conversion)) Seeds of Contemplation (1949) / New Seeds of Contemplation (Mid-late (Merton's mature contemplative theology)) Love and Responsibility (Early (his major pre-papal work; drawn from pastoral and academic teaching)) The Acting Person (Mid (his major academic-philosophical work, before his 1978 papal election)) Hind Swaraj (Early (the founding text of Gandhi's mature political-philosophical vision)) An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Late-mid (looking back over the formative years)) Mishneh Torah (Mid (the major legal work, between the early Commentary on the Mishnah and the late Guide of the Perplexed)) Sister Outsider (Mid (the major prose collection of Lorde's career)) Tales of the Hasidim (Late (Buber's mature engagement with the Hasidic tradition)) A Black Theology of Liberation (Early (the systematic founding text of the field)) The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Late (Cone's major late book)) Gitanjali (Mid (the Nobel-winning collection)) Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (Mid (the major philosophical prose statement)) No Future Without Forgiveness (Late (the major reflective work after the TRC)) No Exit (Mid (alongside Being and Nothingness)) Crime and Punishment (Mid (the first of Dostoevsky's great late novels)) Notes from Underground (Mid (the transition into the great late period)) The Idiot (Mid (after Crime and Punishment, before Demons and Karamazov)) Demons (Mid-late (the third of the four great novels)) The Fall (Late (Camus's last completed novel; the Nobel followed in 1957)) Moral Man and Immoral Society (Early-mid (Niebuhr's breakthrough book that established Christian realism)) The Irony of American History (Late (Niebuhr's major Cold War political-theological book)) Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Mature (the most comprehensive single-text statement of the system)) Scivias (Early (the first of her three major visionary works)) Liber Divinorum Operum (Late (the culmination of her visionary trilogy)) On Christian Doctrine (Mid-late (composed across three decades)) Principles of Political Economy (Mid (Mill's major economic work)) Philosophical Fragments (Mid (the same productive 1844 as Concept of Anxiety)) Practice in Christianity (Late (the last major pseudonymous work; preceding the attack on the Danish state church)) Repetition (Early-mid (the same explosive 1843 as Either/Or and Fear and Trembling)) Time and the Other (Early (the breakthrough early work, before Totality and Infinity)) Existence and Existents (Early (the first major book, before Time and the Other)) Difficult Freedom (Mid (alongside Totality and Infinity)) Liber Vitae Meritorum (Mid (the middle volume of the visionary trilogy)) The Imaginary (Early (preceding Being and Nothingness)) Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (Late (Berlin lectures)) De Brevitate Vitae (Mid) Parisian Questions (Mid-late) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mid (Leibniz's breakthrough philosophical statement)) New Essays on Human Understanding (Late) Praise of Folly (Mid (Erasmus's most widely read book)) Adagia (Long (composed across Erasmus's entire mature career)) Psychological Types (Mid (the major systematic work after his 1912-13 break with Freud)) Modern Man in Search of a Soul (Mid-late (mature systematic statement)) The Interpretation of Dreams (Early (the founding work of psychoanalysis)) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Early-mid (after the Interpretation of Dreams)) Mrs Dalloway (Mid (the first major modernist novel of Woolf's maturity)) To the Lighthouse (Mid (Woolf at the height of her powers)) Hamlet (Mid (mature middle period)) King Lear (Mid-late (the major tragedies)) Confessions of a Mask (Early (the breakthrough novel that established Mishima's literary reputation)) Tristes Tropiques (Mid (Lévi-Strauss's most widely read book)) Kitáb-i-Íqán (Mid (pre-declaration in 1863)) Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Late (the major late doctrinal-legal book)) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid (the major play of Soyinka's career)) Reason, Truth and History (Mid (the major mid-career book, the systematic statement of internal realism)) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Early (the first of Douglass's three autobiographies)) What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (Mid (Douglass at the height of his oratorical powers)) Ninety-Five Theses (Early (the founding act of the Reformation)) The Freedom of a Christian (Early (1520 is Luther's most productive year of foundational treatises)) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Early (1520, foundational year)) The Waste Land (Mid (the canonical modernist poem)) Four Quartets (Late (Eliot's mature Anglo-Catholic period)) Vita Nuova (Early (Dante's first major work)) Convivio (Mid (early years of exile, preceding the Comedy)) The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Late (the mature systematic statement of archetypal psychology)) A Time for Choosing (Early (launched Reagan's political career)) Tear Down This Wall (Late (Reagan presidency at its rhetorical peak)) Why Not the Best? (Mid (pre-presidential)) A Vindication of the Rights of Men (Early (preceding the more famous 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman)) Faust, Part I (Mid (composed across Goethe's career; Part I the major mid-career work)) The Sorrows of Young Werther (Early (the 25-year-old Goethe's breakthrough work)) The Power of the Powerless (Mid (Havel as principal Charter 77 dissident)) First Inaugural Address (Mid (the inauguration after twelve years of Republican presidency)) Six Crises (Mid (pre-presidential, post-1960 defeat)) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) / Counsels on Discernment (Early) Provincial Letters (Late) An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Mid-late) Achieving Our Country (Late) Representation and Reality (Mid) Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Late) Symphonia harmoniae caelestium revelationum (Mid-late) A Cyborg Manifesto (Mid) Staying with the Trouble (Late) Beloved (Mid (the Pulitzer-winning major novel)) Playing in the Dark (Mid-late) The Sea of Fertility (Late (the major late work, completed the day of his 1970 ritual suicide)) The Reasonableness of Christianity (Late) Creation and Fall (Early-mid) The Hidden Words (Early) The Lion and the Jewel (Early) Aké: The Years of Childhood (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Mid) Psychology and Alchemy (Late) Answer to Job (Late) Peace with God (Early-mid) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mid) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late (the major autobiographical work)) Runaway Horses (Late) An American Life (Late) My Life (Late) Promises to Keep (Mid) Trump: The Art of the Deal (Early) Principles of Nature and Grace (Late) De Tranquillitate Animi (Mid-late) De Vita Beata (Mid-late) Eudemian Ethics Man's Search for Meaning (Mid-late) Systematic Theology (Mid) Island (Late) No Man Is an Island (Mid) Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Late) The Prophetic Faith (Late) Eclipse of God (Late) Commentary on the Mishnah (Early-mid) Anasakti Yoga: The Gita According to Gandhi (Mid-late) Letters to Olga (Mid (composed during Havel's 1979-83 imprisonment)) The Cancer Journals (Mid) The Symbolism of Evil (Early) Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary (Early) Time and Narrative (Late) Oneself as Another (Late) Memory, History, Forgetting (Late) Writing and Difference (Early) Word and Object (Mid) Civilization and Its Discontents (Late) The Future of an Illusion (Late) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Late) Dialectic of Enlightenment (Mid) Negative Dialectics (Late) Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (Mid) Eclipse of Reason (Mid) One-Dimensional Man (Late) Eros and Civilization (Mid) Theses on the Philosophy of History (Late) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Late) The Wretched of the Earth (Late) Black Skin, White Masks (Early) Knowledge and Human Interests (Early) Between Facts and Norms (Late) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Mid) Truth and Method (Mid) Gender Trouble (Early) Bodies That Matter (Early) Orientalism (Mid) Culture and Imperialism (Late) Can the Subaltern Speak? (Mid) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Early) Democracy and Education (Mid) Art as Experience (Late) The Quest for Certainty (Late) The Fixation of Belief (Early) The Philosophy of Loyalty (Late) Modes of Thought (Late) A Theology of Liberation (Early (Gutiérrez's breakthrough work; the founding text of the school)) Symbols of Transformation (Early (the 1912 break-from-Freud book; revised in 1952 as the mature statement of analytical psychology's mythopoeic register)) Guru Granth Sahib The Avesta The Book of Mormon The Kephalaia The Odu Ifá Corpus Church Dogmatics (Mid) Foundations of Christian Faith (Late) The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics (Late) Jesus Christ and Mythology (Late) Theology of the New Testament (Late) A Community of Character (Mid) Theology of Hope (Early) Systematic Theology (Late) The Politics of Jesus (Mid) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Early) Conjectures and Refutations (Mid) The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Late) Against Method (Mid) The Logical Syntax of Language (Mid) Aspects of Scientific Explanation (Mid) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (Late) The Uses of Argument (Early) Patterns of Discovery (Early) The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Mid) The Visible and the Invisible (Late) The Prose of the World (Mid) Being Given (Late) The Essence of Manifestation (Early) Heretical Essays in the Philosophy of History (Late) Finite and Eternal Being (Late) Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values (Mid) The Mystery of Being (Late) Philosophy (Mid) Philosophy of Existence (Late) Essays on Actions and Events (Mid) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Mid) Naming and Necessity (Mid) Counterfactuals (Early) Mind and World (Late) Making It Explicit (Mid) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Mid) Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (Early) Intention (Mid) Truth and Other Enigmas (Mid) Reflections on the Revolution in France (Late) The Federalist Papers (Mid) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Mid) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Early) Spheres of Justice (Mid) Sources of the Self (Mid) A Secular Age (Late) Two Concepts of Liberty (Mid) The Hedgehog and the Fox (Mid) The Concept of the Political (Mid) Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Mid) Śrī Bhāṣya (Mid) Anuvyākhyāna (Mid) Shōbōgenzō (Late) Wild Ivy (Itsumadegusa) (Late) Attaining Enlightenment in This Very Existence (Sokushin Jōbutsu Gi) (Early) Lam rim chen mo (The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment) (Mid) Inquiry on the Great Learning (Daxue Wen) (Late) Zhuzi Yulei (Conversations of Master Zhu, Arranged Topically) (Late) The Life Divine (Late) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mid) Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt (Remarks and Admonitions) (Late) Long Commentary on De Anima (Late) Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) (Late) al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations) (Late) al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʿāliya fī l-Asfār al-ʿAqliyya al-Arbaʿa (Transcendent Wisdom in the Four Intellectual Journeys) (Late) Ḥikmat al-Ishrāq (The Philosophy of Illumination) (Mid) Mabādiʾ Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīna al-Fāḍila (Principles of the Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City) (Mid) Fī l-Falsafa al-Ūlā (On First Philosophy) (Early) Muqaddimah (Late) Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (The Mind's Road to God) (Mid) Ordinatio (Late) Summa Logicae (Late) De Docta Ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) (Late) The Divine Names (De Divinis Nominibus) (Late) The Life of Moses (De Vita Moysis) (Late) Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature) (Mid) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Late) The Feminine Mystique (Late) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Mid) Frontiers of Justice (Late) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Mid) Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Late) Christ in a Pluralistic Age (Mid) Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre) (Early) Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Late) Ethics (Ethik) (Late) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (Mid) On Nature (Peri Physeos) (Early) On Nature and Purifications (Fragments) (Early) On Nature (Fragments) (Early) Discourses (Diatribai) (Mid) Enchiridion (Handbook) (Late) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (Mid) Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Late) Moralia (Ēthika) (Late) Isagoge (Introduction to Aristotle's Categories) (Late) Adversus Mathematicos (Against the Mathematicians / Professors) (Late) On First Principles (Peri Archōn / De Principiis) (Early) On the Incarnation (De Incarnatione Verbi Dei) (Early) On the Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sancto) (Late) Theological Orations (Orations 27-31) (Mid) Ambigua to John (Ambigua ad Iohannem) (Late) Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (De Fide Orthodoxa) (Late) Hymns of Divine Love (Hymnoi tōn Theiōn Erōtōn) (Late) Triads (Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts) (Late) The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (Mid) The Bride of the Lamb (Late) Sic et Non (Yes and No) (Early) Didascalicon (On the Study of Reading) (Early) The Dark Night (La Noche Oscura) (Late) The Interior Castle (Castillo Interior) (Late) Ars Magna (Ars Generalis Ultima) (Late) The Mirror of Simple Souls (Le Mirouer des Simples Âmes) (Late) Oration on the Dignity of Man (Oratio de hominis dignitate) (Mid) The Prince (Il Principe) (Late) Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio) (Late) On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (De l'Infinito Universo e Mondi) (Late) Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno à Due Nuove Scienze) (Late) The Sceptical Chymist (Mid) Historical and Critical Dictionary (Dictionnaire Historique et Critique) (Late) New Science (Late) The Spirit of the Laws (De l'esprit des lois) (Late) Candide (Candide, ou l'Optimisme) (Late) Philosophical Letters (Lettres Philosophiques / Lettres Anglaises) (Mid) Utopia (De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia) (Mid) The Passions of the Soul (Les Passions de l'âme) (Late) Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Late) Time and Free Will (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience) (Early) Matter and Memory (Matière et Mémoire) (Mid) Creative Evolution (L'évolution créatrice) (Late) Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt) (Early) The Christian Faith (Der christliche Glaube) (Late) Biographia Literaria (Mid) Preface to Lyrical Ballads (Early) A Confession (Ispoved') (Late) Leaves of Grass (Late) Faust, Part Two (Faust: Der Tragödie zweiter Teil) (Late) Consciousness Explained (Mid) The Construction of Social Reality (Late) Speech Acts (Early) The View from Nowhere (Mid) Warranted Christian Belief (Late) An Essay on Free Will (Mid) Reasons and Persons (Mid) On Bullshit (Late) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Late) The Philosophy of Philosophy (Late) Difference and Repetition (Différence et Répétition) (Mid) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 1 (Late) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 2 (Late) Écrits (Mid) The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (Late) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (La condition postmoderne) (Late) Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (Pouvoirs de l'horreur) (Mid) Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum, de l'autre femme) (Mid) Simulacra and Simulation (Simulacres et simulation) (Late) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Late) An Inquiry into the Good (Zen no Kenkyū) (Early) Climate and Culture (Fūdo: ningengakuteki kōsatsu) (Mid) Philosophy as Metanoetics (Zangedō to shite no tetsugaku) (Late) African Religions and Philosophy (Mid) Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Late) Philosophy of Liberation (Filosofía de la Liberación) (Mid) Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana) (Mid) Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza (Mid) The Idea of Latin America (Late) Toward the African Revolution (Late) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency (Après la finitude) (Late) We Have Never Been Modern (Nous n'avons jamais été modernes) (Mid) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory (Late) Silent Spring (Late) A Sand County Almanac (Late) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Late) The Dream of the Earth (Late) The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (Late) Critique of Cynical Reason (Kritik der zynischen Vernunft) (Mid) The End of History and the Last Man (Mid) The Emperor's New Mind (Late) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Mid) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (Mid) Ways of Worldmaking (Late) The Claim of Reason (Mid) Natural Goodness (Late) Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Mid) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Late) The Many Faces of Realism (Mid) The Social Construction of What? (Late) The Justification of the Good (Opravdanie dobra) (Late) The Destiny of Man (O naznachenii cheloveka) (Mid) Athens and Jerusalem (Athènes et Jérusalem) (Late) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Essai sur la théologie mystique de l'Église d'Orient) (Mid) The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Late) Freedom of the Will (Late) An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Mid) Orthodoxy (Mid) Mere Christianity (Mid) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Mid) Notes on the State of Virginia (Mid) Common Sense (Mid) The Age of Reason (Late) The Souls of Black Folk (Mid) Mind, Self, and Society (Late) The World and the Individual (Mid) The Education of Henry Adams (Late) Twenty Years at Hull-House (Late) A Theology for the Social Gospel (Late) The Long Loneliness (Late) A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Mid) Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (Zhi de zhijue yu Zhongguo zhexue) (Late) Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (Dongxi wenhua ji qi zhexue) (Early) The Importance of Living (Mid) Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (Late) Religion and Nothingness (Shūkyō to wa nani ka) (Mid) The Hindu View of Life (Mid) The First and Last Freedom (Mid) Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Late) Being Peace (Late) Rerum Novarum (Late) Gaudium et Spes (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) The Voice of the Voiceless (Late) Church: Charism and Power (Igreja: carisma e poder) (Mid) Christ the Liberator: A View from the Victims (Late) Black Elk Speaks (Late) God Is Red: A Native View of Religion (Late) Women, Race & Class (Mid) Black Feminist Thought (Mid) Paradiso (Divine Comedy, Cantica III) (Late) Don Quixote (El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) (Late) Paradise Lost (Late) Gulliver's Travels (Late) An Essay on Man (Late) Ficciones (Mid) Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot) (Mid) Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili) (Mid) One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (Mid) A Vision (Late) Begriffsschrift (Early) On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Early) The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Mid) Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre) (Mid) The Science of Mechanics (Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung) (Mid) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (La Théorie physique: son objet, sa structure) (Late) Science and Hypothesis (La Science et l'hypothèse) (Late) The Philosophy of Space and Time (Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre) (Mid) Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Mid) The Essential Tension (Late) The Trial (Der Process) (Late) Ulysses (Mid) A Room of One's Own (Late) Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann) (Mid) The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) (Late) Middlemarch (Late) The Sound and the Fury (Mid) Collected Poems (Late) The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (Mid) 1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (Late) The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality (Late) Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism (Mid) When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times (Late) Raja Yoga: Conquering the Internal Nature (Late) Autobiography of a Yogi (Late) The Language Instinct (Late) Syntactic Structures (Early) Metaphors We Live By (Late) Animal Liberation (Mid) Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Late) Escape from Freedom (Mid) The Sociological Imagination (Mid) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Mid) The Social Construction of Reality (Mid) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (La Distinction) (Mid) The Culture of Narcissism (Late) Liquid Modernity (Late) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Late) The Fall of Public Man (Mid) Our Mathematical Universe (Late) God in Search of Man (Late) Halakhic Man (Ish ha-Halakhah) (Mid) The Life of the Mind (Late) The Sublime Object of Ideology (Mid) A Brief History of Time (Late) Full Catastrophe Living (Late) Thinking, Fast and Slow (Late) The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Late) Cosmopolitics (Late) The Black Swan (Late) Long Walk to Freedom (Late) The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Late) The Gulag Archipelago (Late) If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (Mid) The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) (Late) Austerlitz (Late) The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy (Mid) Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Le Capital au XXIe siècle) (Late) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Late) Second Treatise of Government (Late) Confessions (Late) An Essay on the Principle of Population (Late) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Late) The Methods of Ethics (Late) Principia Ethica (Early) Language, Truth, and Logic (Early) The Concept of Mind (Mid) How to Do Things with Words (Late) The Blue and Brown Books (Mid) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Late) The Division of Labor in Society (Early) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mid) Economy and Society (Late) The Philosophy of Money (Mid) Development as Freedom (Late) The Star of Redemption (Mid) Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Late) On Sense and Reference (Mid) Intentionality (Mid) The Language of Thought (Mid) The Sources of Normativity (Mid) Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Late) The Struggle for Recognition (Mid) Astronomia Nova (Mid) De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Late) A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Late) What Is Life? (Late) Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Late) A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Mid) Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Late) The Growth of Biological Thought (Late) Wonderful Life (Late) The Double Helix (Mid) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Late) The Character of Physical Law (Mid) Experiments on Plant Hybridization (Late) Traité élémentaire de chimie (Late) The Order of Time (Late) Descartes' Error (Late) Daodejing (Early) The Art of War (Early) Mozi (Early) War and Peace (Mid) Anna Karenina (Mid) Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (Mid) On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Mid) Duino Elegies (Late) The Castle (Late) The Essays (Late) Oedipus Rex (Early) The Oresteia (Early) The Bacchae (Late) A Doll's House (Mid) The Cherry Orchard (Late) The Picture of Dorian Gray (Late) Kokoro (Late) Things Fall Apart (Mid) Disgrace (Late) The Old Man and the Sea (Late) History of the Peloponnesian War (Early) The Histories (Early) The Annals (Late) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Late) The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Mid) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Late) Prison Notebooks (Late) History and Class Consciousness (Mid) The State and Revolution (Late) Parallel Lives (Late) Course in General Linguistics (Late) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Late) The Road to Serfdom (Mid) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Late) The Interpretation of Cultures (Late) The Logic of Practice (Late) The Construction of Reality in the Child (Mid) Thought and Language (Mid) The Mind of Primitive Man (Late) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Mid) Childhood and Society (Mid) Motivation and Personality (Mid) Attachment and Loss (Late) Envy and Gratitude (Late) Foundations of Geometry (Mid) The Home and the World (Late) The Dispossessed (Late) Mother Courage and Her Children (Late) The German Ideology (Early) The Poetics of Space (Late) Poems (Late) Sprachgitter (Mid) Requiem (Late) On Photography (Late) Ways of Seeing (Late) Camera Lucida (Late) Studies in Iconology (Late) The Story of Art (Mid) Collected Poems (Late) North (Mid) Pride and Prejudice (Mid) Bleak House (Mid) Wuthering Heights (Mid) Moby-Dick (Mid) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mid) The Great Gatsby (Mid) The Lord of the Rings (Late) Foundation (Mid) The Handmaid's Tale (Late) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Mid) Invisible Man (Mid) Their Eyes Were Watching God (Mid) The Fire Next Time (Mid) Midnight's Children (Mid) The Cairo Trilogy (Mid) My Name Is Red (Mid) My Brilliant Friend (Late) Gravity's Rainbow (Mid) Blood Meridian (Late) The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (Late) Ariel (Late) Canto General (Mid) Hopscotch (Mid) 2666 (Late) The Golden Notebook (Mid) Decolonising the Mind (Late) Proof of an External World (Late) Sense and Sensibilia (Late) The Unreality of Time (Late) The Analysis of Mind (Mid) The Analysis of Matter (Mid) The Analysis of Sensations (Mid) Scientific Thought (Mid) Past, Present and Future (Late) A Realist Theory of Science (Mid) The Possibility of Naturalism (Mid) A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (Early) Book of Concord (Late) Westminster Confession of Faith (Mid) On True and False Religion (Mid) On the Providence of God (Late) Christ and Culture (Late) New Testament and Mythology (Late) Beyond God the Father (Mid) God of the Oppressed (Mid) On Job (Late) Sexism and God-Talk (Mid) Jesus the Liberator (Late) The God of Life (Late) Instruction on Certain Aspects of the "Theology of Liberation" (Late) God-Christ-Church: A Practical Guide to Process Theology (Late) Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition (Mid) The Divine Relativity (Mid) Nature (Early) Self-Reliance (Mid) Civil Disobedience (Mid) Anti-Duhring (Late) Fathers and Sons (Mid) Kindred (Mid) A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (Late) A New Kind of Science (Mid) Homo Deus (Late) The Singularity Is Near (Late) Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? (Mid) Snow Crash (Mid) The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Mid) Realism with a Human Face (Late) Hyperobjects (Late) The Quadruple Object (Late) The Structure of Objects (Mid) Things and Their Parts (Mid) Writing the Book of the World (Mid) Animism: Respecting the Living World (Late) The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement (Mid) Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics (Early) Capital (Late) The Structure of the World (Late) Black Quantum Futurism: Theory and Practice (Late) More Brilliant than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction (Mid) Space Is the Place (Mid) Food of the Gods (Late) Realms of the Human Unconscious (Mid) Quantum Healing (Mid) Ageless Body, Timeless Mind (Late) The Power of Now (Late) Experiencing God (Late) The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Late (Husserl's last work, written in Freiburg under Nazi proscription)) The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Late (Bergson's last major book, written after a long convalescence)) An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution to Einstein's Field Equations (Mature (the Princeton period — Gödel's only published paper in general relativity)) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late (Næss's closing popular statement, written at 86)) Translations and commentaries on Aristotle's Categories (Mature (the late translation programme Boethius announced and partly completed before his death)) Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178)) Modern Moral Philosophy (Mature (the journal paper that reshaped Anglophone moral philosophy)) Duration and Simultaneity (Mature (the disastrous engagement with Einstein that damaged Bergson's standing among physicists)) Laughter (Early-mature (between Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution)) Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Late (Murdoch's longest and most ambitious philosophical book, published nine years after the Gifford Lectures)) The Bell (Early-mature (Murdoch's fourth novel, the first to establish her mature manner)) The Fragility of Goodness (Mature (the book that established Nussbaum as a major figure)) Upheavals of Thought (Late-mature (Nussbaum's magnum opus, eight years in the writing after the Gifford Lectures)) On Violence (Late (Arendt's most-cited short political essay, written in response to the 1968 student movements)) Men in Dark Times (Late (collected from essays spanning more than a decade)) On What Matters (Late (Parfit's final, three-decade-in-the-making work — his second after Reasons and Persons, 1984)) An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution (Late (Wollstonecraft's last completed major non-fiction work, three years before her death)) Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Early (Wollstonecraft's first published book, written from her experience as a governess and a school proprietress)) Aion (Late (one of Jung's last and most ambitious works, written in his mid-seventies)) The Red Book (Middle (the personal experimental record from which all of Jung's later theoretical work emerged)) The Undiscovered Self (Late (one of Jung's last short works, written at 82)) De Officiis (Late (Cicero's last completed philosophical work, written in the months before his proscription and execution)) De Re Publica (Mid-mature (Cicero's political philosophical synthesis, composed during the breakdown of the late Republic)) Tusculan Disputations (Late (composed in the year of Cicero's daughter's death, in his most intense period of philosophical writing)) Disputed Questions on Truth (Early-mature (Aquinas's first major work after the Sentences commentary)) On Evil (Late (Aquinas's mature treatment of evil and the passions, parallel to the Summa)) Compendium of Theology (Late (begun during the Roman regency, unfinished at Aquinas's death)) Colloquia (Mature (the work that grew through Erasmus's most productive decades and was repeatedly enlarged)) De Libero Arbitrio (Late (the treatise that publicly broke the Erasmus-Luther alliance, written after seven years of pressure for Erasmus to declare his position)) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mature (the work that established Erasmus's international reputation and reshaped biblical scholarship)) On Learned Ignorance (Mature (the founding work of Cusa's philosophical career, composed at age 39)) The Vision of God (Mature (one of Cusa's most condensed and beautiful late works)) On Conjectures (Mature (the systematic epistemological development of the docta-ignorantia framework)) Anti-Pelagian writings (Late (Augustine's last great theological controversy, occupying the final two decades of his life)) Opus Tripartitum (Late (Eckhart's most ambitious Latin project, undertaken in the years before the 1326 trial)) Reden der Unterweisung (Early (Eckhart's first major vernacular work, written before the trials of his last decade)) Vom Edlen Menschen (Mature (probably from the Strasbourg years before the trial)) The Dialogue of Divine Providence (Late (composed in Catherine's last two years, in the midst of her efforts to reform the Church and end the Avignon papacy)) Physica and Causae et Curae (Mid-mature (Hildegard's middle period, between her three major visionary works)) Against Marcion (Mature (Tertullian's longest and most systematic work)) Against Praxeas (Late (composed in Tertullian's Montanist period but with orthodox Trinitarian content)) On the Resurrection of the Flesh (Mature (one of Tertullian's longest and most carefully argued treatises)) Kyōgyōshinshō (Mature) Tannishō (Posthumous (the principal popular source for Shinran's teaching)) Al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya fi'l-Asfar al-'Aqliyya al-Arba'a (Late (the synthesis of his entire mature philosophy)) al-Kashf ʿan Manāhij al-Adilla (Mature) Letters to the Son of the Wolf (Last (less than a year before his 1892 death)) Jōdo Wasan (Late) My Bondage and My Freedom (Mature (Douglass's second autobiography, written after his break with Garrison and the founding of his own newspaper)) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Late (Douglass's third autobiography, covering his post-1855 political career)) Sidereus Nuncius (Early-mid (the breakthrough that established Galileo's international reputation)) The Assayer (Mature (composed during the brief honeymoon between Galileo and the new Pope Urban VIII)) Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (Mature (composed at the height of the developing controversy with Rome)) Custer Died for Your Sins (Mature (Deloria's breakthrough book, written at 36)) Race Matters (Mature (the book that established West as a major public intellectual)) The American Evasion of Philosophy (Mature (West's major work of intellectual history, written before the Race Matters celebrity)) Democracy Matters (Late-mature (the post-9/11 sequel to the 1993 Race Matters)) Dictionnaire philosophique (Late (composed during the Ferney years)) Traité sur la tolérance (Late (the campaign-treatise of the Ferney period)) Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Mid (the work that established Voltaire as a public intellectual of European reach)) Political Treatise (Late (Spinoza's last work, left incomplete at his death)) Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (Early (Spinoza's first major philosophical project, left incomplete as the Ethics took shape)) Short Treatise on God (Early (Spinoza's first systematic presentation of his metaphysics, predating the Ethics)) Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (Early (Spinoza's first published work)) Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (Early (the work that launched Rousseau's career)) Julie (Mature (the literary high-point of Rousseau's career, between Social Contract and Émile)) Reveries of the Solitary Walker (Last (composed in Rousseau's final two years, after he had retreated from public life)) Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Late (Seneca's last completed major work, composed in retirement)) De Beneficiis (Mid-mature (composed during Seneca's most influential political-philosophical period)) Naturales Quaestiones (Late) De Otio (Late) De Constantia Sapientis (Mid) Rhetoric (Mature) Poetics (Mature) Topics (Mid-mature) Historia Animalium (Mature) On Generation and Corruption (Mature) The Mandarins (Mature) Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (Mature) Old Age (Late-mature) A Very Easy Death (Late) Orlando (Mature) Three Guineas (Late) Between the Acts (Last) Gyn/Ecology (Mature) Japji Sahib (Mature (Nānak's foundational devotional composition)) Asa Di Var (Mature) Veritatis Splendor (Mature) Evangelium Vitae (Late-mature) Theology of the Body (Mature (the major catechetical project of John Paul II's early pontificate)) Politics and Conscience (Mature (composed during Havel's dissident period before the 1989 Velvet Revolution)) Disturbing the Peace (Late-dissident (composed three years before the Velvet Revolution)) Summer Meditations (Late (the first major post-1989 reflection on the transition from dissidence to governance)) Romans (Mature (Paul's most extensive and systematic letter)) 1 Corinthians (Mature) 2 Corinthians (Mature) Galatians (Mature) Philippians (Late) 1 Thessalonians (Early) Philemon (Late) Othello (Mature) Macbeth (Mature) Antony and Cleopatra (Mature) The Tempest (Last (probably Shakespeare's last sole-authored play)) Measure for Measure (Mature) Resistance to Civil Government (Mature) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (Early-mature) The Maine Woods (Mature-late) A Plea for Captain John Brown (Mature) Slavery in Massachusetts (Mature) The American Scholar (Mature) Divinity School Address (Mature) Essays: First Series (Mature) Essays: Second Series (Mature) Representative Men (Mature) Soliloquies (Early) Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study (Mature) Translation of Plato's dialogues (Mature) The Christian Faith (Mature) Surprised by Joy (Late-mature) The Allegory of Love (Mature) The Discarded Image (Last) Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Early) The Sea, The Sea (Late-mature) The Black Prince (Mature) Some Remarks on Logical Form (Transitional) Eyeless in Gaza (Mid-mature) Brave New World Revisited (Late) Purgatorio (Mature) De Vulgari Eloquentia (Mid-mature) De Monarchia (Late) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Late) Journal of Researches (Early) The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (Last) Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (Mid-mature) The World as I See It (Mid-mature) Religion and Science (Mid-mature) Out of My Later Years (Late) The Born-Einstein Letters (Mature-late) Cur Deus Homo (Late-mature) On Truth (Mature) On Free Will (Mature) Faust I (Mature) Faust II (Last) Theory of Colors (Mature) Italian Journey (Late-mature retrospective) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mature) The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Last) Jesus and the Disinherited (Mature) The Inward Journey (Late-mature) Go Tell It on the Mountain (Early) Notes of a Native Son (Mid-mature) Giovanni's Room (Mid-mature) A Madman's Diary (Mid-mature) The True Story of Ah Q (Mature) The Sea of Fertility (Last) Patriotism (Mid-mature) Slavery and Freedom (Late-mature) Words and Life (Late) The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (Late) Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life (Late) Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam (Late) A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime (Late) My Early Life (Mid) The Gathering Storm (Late) Their Finest Hour (Late) A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Late) The Black Unicorn (Mid) Coal (Mid) Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Late) When Species Meet (Late) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) An Introduction to Zen Buddhism (Mid) Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Mature) Declaration of Independence (Early) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Early) A Summary View of the Rights of British America (Early) The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (Late) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Late) This Is My Story (Mid) You Learn by Living (Late) Tomorrow Is Now (Late) Shabuhragan (Mature) Living Gospel (Evangelium Vivum) (Mature) Treasure of Life (Mature) Book of Mysteries (Mature) Autobiography (Late) Poor Richard's Almanack (Mid) Experiments and Observations on Electricity (Mid) Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (Early) Dīvān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (Mature) Fīhi mā Fīhi (Discourses) (Late) Maktūbāt (Letters) (Mature) Majālis-i Sabʿa (Seven Sermons) (Mature) Brahma-Sūtra-Bhāṣya (Mature) Mahābhārata-Tātparya-Nirṇaya (Mature) Viṣṇu-Tattva-Nirṇaya (Mature) Tattvodyota (Mature) The Book of Songs (Shijing) (Early) The Book of Documents (Shujing) (Early) The Book of Rites (Liji) (Mid) The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) (Early) A Dance of the Forests (Early) Kongi's Harvest (Mid) The Open Sore of a Continent (Late) You Must Set Forth at Dawn (Late) New System (Mature) Correspondence with Arnauld (Mature) Bidāyat al-Mujtahid (Mature) A Confession (Mid) What I Believe (Mid) Resurrection (Late) Freedom in Exile (Mid) Ethics for the New Millennium (Late) The Art of Happiness (Late) My Land and My People (Early) Ash-Wednesday (Mid) Murder in the Cathedral (Mid) The Idea of a Christian Society (Mid) Just As I Am (Late) How to Be Born Again (Mid) Approaching Hoofbeats (Mid) The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (Late) Quodlibetal Questions (Mature) Treatise on Predestination, Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents (Mature) Dialogue on the Power of the Pope and the Emperor (Late) Commentary on the Sentences (Early) Formal Logic (Early) Past, Present and Future (Mature) Papers on Time and Tense (Late) Objects of Thought (Late) Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Late) Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman (Late) The Book of Changes (Yi Jing) (Early) Original Stories from Real Life (Early) Evangelii Gaudium (Late) Amoris Laetitia (Late) Fratelli Tutti (Late) Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Late) The Undivided Universe (Late) The Synthesis of Yoga (Mature) Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (Late) Essays on the Gita (Mature) Asrar-i Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (Mid) Bal-i Jibril (Gabriel's Wing) (Late) Javid Nama (Book of Eternity) (Late) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Early) De Motu (Mid) Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (Mid) Siris (Late) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (Mid) Original Sin (Late) The End for Which God Created the World (Late) The Nature of True Virtue (Late) De Veritate (On Truth) (Mid) De Casu Diaboli (On the Fall of the Devil) (Mid) De Processione Spiritus Sancti (On the Procession of the Holy Spirit) (Late) Sun and Steel (Late) Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Early) Teaching to Transgress (Mid) All About Love (Late) The Will to Change (Late) The Crisis of Western Philosophy (Early) Lectures on Divine Humanity (Mid) The Meaning of Love (Late) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) (Mature) Der Gedanke (The Thought) (Late) Posthumous Writings (Posthumous) Function and Concept (Mature) The Raw and the Cooked (Mature) From Honey to Ashes (Mature) The Origin of Table Manners (Mature) The Naked Man (Late) We Drink from Our Own Wells (Mid) The Power of the Poor in History (Mid) Dasam Granth (Mature) Jaap Sahib (Mature) Zafarnama (Mature) Akal Ustat (Mature) The Mind and its Place in Nature (Mid) Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy (Mature) Five Types of Ethical Theory (Mid) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) (Mature) Commentary on John (Mature) Commentary on Genesis (Mature) Commentary on Wisdom (Mature) The Way of the Masks (Late) Self-Made Men (Mid-Late) West India Emancipation (Mid) Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (Mid) Living Faith (Late) Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis (Late) Sources of Strength: Meditations on Scripture for a Living Faith (Late) Dreams from My Father (Early) The Audacity of Hope (Mid) A Promised Land (Late) 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (Early) Rivonia Trial Statement (Mid) Inaugural Address (Late) Letters from Prison (Mid) Conversations with Myself (Late) Doctrine and Covenants (Mid) The Pearl of Great Price (Mid) King Follett Discourse (Late) Articles of Faith (Mid) Commentaries on the Bible (Mature) Geneva Catechism (Mid) Ecclesiastical Ordinances of Geneva (Mature) Brief Instruction Against the Anabaptists (Mid) De Legibus (On the Laws) (Mature) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (Mature) Kitāb al-Shifāʾ (Book of Healing) (Mature) al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (Canon of Medicine) (Mature) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mature) Ilāhiyyāt (Metaphysics of the Shifāʾ) (Mature) Essay on Conic Sections (Early) De l'Esprit Géométrique (Mid) Practical Ethics (Mid) How Are We to Live? (Mid) The Expanding Circle (Mid) The Life You Can Save (Late) Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Early) Principles of Philosophy (Mature) Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth (Late) Stride Toward Freedom (Early) Why We Can't Wait (Mid) Where Do We Go from Here (Late) The Drum Major Instinct (Late) The Principles of Mathematics (Early) Mysticism and Logic (Mid) The Conquest of Happiness (Mid) Human, All Too Human (Mid) Daybreak (Mid) Untimely Meditations (Early) Ecce Homo (Late) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Mature) Capital, Volume II (Late) Capital, Volume III (Late) Grundrisse (Mature) Pali Canon: Vinaya Pitaka (Early) God Is Red (Mid) Red Earth, White Lies (Late) Spirit and Reason (Late) Evolution, Creationism, and Other Modern Myths (Late) Interpretation and Preciseness (Mid) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late) Spinoza and Ecology (Mid) Reclaiming Reality (Mid) Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom (Late) From East to West (Late) Tablets to the Political Leaders (Mature) Tablet of Ahmad (Mature) Tabernacle of Unity (Late) Words of Paradise (Kalimát-i-Firdawsiyyih) (Late) The Field of Zen (Late) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early) Zen and Japanese Culture (Mid-Late) Edition of Jerome (Mature) Edition of Augustine (Late) Edition of Origen (Late) Edition of Cyprian (Mature) Where's the Rest of Me? (Early) Reagan, In His Own Hand (Mid) The Reagan Diaries (Late) Evil Empire Speech (Late) RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (Late) The Real War (Late) Leaders (Late) In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal (Late) Looking Forward (Mid) A World Transformed (Late) All the Best (Late) Thousand Points of Light (Mid) Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (Late) Larger and Smaller Catechisms (Mature) Luther German Bible (Mature) Lectures on Galatians (Mature) Lectures on Genesis (Late) Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (Early) De Corpore (Late) De Homine (Late) Behemoth (Late) The Hidden God (De Deo Abscondito) (Mid) On the Beryl (De Beryllo) (Mature) On the Not-Other (De Non Aliud) (Late) De Apice Theoriae (Late) Isis Unveiled (Early) The Secret Doctrine (Mature) The Key to Theosophy (Late) The Voice of the Silence (Late) Yuishinshō Mon'i (Mature) Kōsō Wasan (Mature) Mattōshō (Late) Standard Sermons (Mid-to-late) Notes Upon the New Testament (Mid) A Compendium of Natural Philosophy (Late) The Arminian Magazine (Late) Spirit in the World (Early) Hearer of the Word (Early) Theological Investigations (Mid-to-late) Deep Is the Hunger (Mid) Meditations of the Heart (Mid) The Search for Common Ground (Late) Crying in the Wilderness (Mid) Hope and Suffering (Mid) The Rainbow People of God (Late) God Is Not a Christian (Late) The Search After Truth (Early-to-mid) Treatise on Nature and Grace (Mid) Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion (Mid-to-late) Treatise on Morality (Mid) On the Problem of Empathy (Early) Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities (Early) The Science of the Cross (Late) Essays on Woman (Mid) Parimala (Mid) Tatparya Chandrika (Mid) Nyaya Mukura (Mid) Bhagavata Tatparya commentary (Mid) The Sign of Jonas (Mid) Zen and the Birds of Appetite (Late) The Character of Consciousness (Mid) Constructing the World (Mid) Living in Truth (Mid) Exposition du système du monde (Mid) Traité de mécanique céleste (Mid-to-late) Théorie analytique des probabilités (Late) Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer (Early) The Fabric of Reality (Mid) The Beginning of Infinity (Late) Sidh Gosht (Mid) Janamsakhi traditions (Post-Nānak transmission) The Artwork of the Future (Early) Opera and Drama (Early-to-Middle) Tristan und Isolde (Middle (post-Schopenhauer)) Der Ring des Nibelungen (Middle-to-late (career-spanning)) Religion and Art (Late) Parsifal (Late (final completed work)) A History of Philosophy (Career-spanning) Aquinas (Mid-career) Contemporary Philosophy: Studies of Logical Positivism and Existentialism (Mid-career) Religion and Philosophy (Late) Philosophies and Cultures (Late) History of the Inductive Sciences (Mid-career) The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (Mid-career (companion to the History)) Of Induction (Mid-career polemic) Novum Organon Renovatum (Late) On the Philosophy of Discovery (Late-career capstone) Origines Sacrae (Early-career) A Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion (Early-career) The Unreasonableness of Separation (Mid-career) A Discourse in Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity (Late) The Bishop of Worcester's Answer to Mr Locke (Late) De Trinitatis Erroribus (Early) Dialogorum de Trinitate (Early) Edition of Ptolemy's Geography (Middle) Christianismi Restitutio (Late (final)) A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (Early-career) A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion (Early-career) The Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity (Mid-career) A Just Vindication of the Church of England (Late (Civil-War exile)) A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsecal Necessity (Late) Castigations of Mr Hobbes (Late) The Catching of Leviathan (Late) Micrographia (Early-career (career-defining)) An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations (Mid-career) Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva (Mid-career) The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke (Posthumous) Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei (Career-defining) De Potestate Summi Pontificis in Rebus Temporalibus (Late) Letter to Foscarini (Late) De Aeterna Felicitate Sanctorum (Late (devotional)) Euthyphro (Early) Statesman (Late) Critias (Late) General Scholium (Late) Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Posthumous) Alchemical and Theological Manuscripts (Career-spanning private work) Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (Late) Perpetual Peace (Late) The Metaphysics of Morals (Late) De Institutione Musica (On Music) (Early) De Institutione Arithmetica (On Arithmetic) (Early) Theological Tractates (Opuscula Sacra) (Mid-to-late) On the Prescription of Heretics (Pre-Montanist) On the Flesh of Christ (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (Middle) What is Cantor's Continuum Problem? (Middle-to-late) Gödel's Ontological Argument (Late (private manuscript)) An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Mid-career) Collected Philosophical Papers (Late) The Religion of Man (Late) Gora (Middle) Chitra (Early-to-middle) The Adolescent (Late) A Writer's Diary (Late) Dogmatics in Outline (Late-middle) Evangelical Theology (Late) The Barmen Declaration (Middle) Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic (Early) Some Dogmas of Religion (Middle) The Nature of Existence (Late) On the Virgin Conception and Original Sin (Late) Lectures on Jurisprudence (Middle) Essays on Philosophical Subjects (Posthumous) The Aims of the Philosophers (Middle) The Niche of Lights (Late) The Analyst (Late) Prophesy Deliverance! (Early) Black Prophetic Fire (Late) Another Country (Middle) No Name in the Street (Late) If Beale Street Could Talk (Late) Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness (Middle) From the Acting to the Seeing (Middle-to-late) The Self-Identity of Absolute Contradiction (Late) The Origin of Russian Communism (Late) The Beginning and the End (Late) Self-Knowledge (Posthumous) The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (Middle) The Serenity Prayer (Middle) Gaudete et Exsultate (Late-middle (papacy)) Let Us Dream (Late-middle) Sonnets (Career-spanning) West-östlicher Divan (Late) Conversations with Eckermann (Late) Between Man and Man (Middle-to-late) Two Types of Faith (Late) Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya (Career-defining) Upadeśasāhasrī (Mature) The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (Early) Bāng-i-Darā (Early-to-middle) The Human Cycle (Middle) The Secret of the Veda (Early-to-middle) Redemptor Hominis (Early (papacy)) Memory and Identity (Final) Journal of Discourses (Career-spanning) The Church and the Second Sex (Early) Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (Late-middle) Outercourse (Late) Shibun Yōryō (Early) Naobi no Mitama (Middle) Kojiki-den (Late (career-spanning)) Brahma-siddhi (Mature) Vidhi-viveka (Mature) Bhāvanā-viveka (Mature) Viṃśatikā (Mature (post-conversion to Mahāyāna)) Triṃśikā (Mature) Essence of Eloquence on the Interpretable and Definitive Meanings (Late-mature) In Praise of Dependent Origination (Early-mature) Kitāb al-Mashāʿir (Mature) Al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyya (Mid-to-late) Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (Late) Act and Being (Early) What Is Art? (Late) The Moment (Final (year of death)) Factory Journal (Middle) Letter to a Priest (Final) Three Conversations (Final (year of death)) The Arcades Project (Career-spanning (unfinished)) Berlin Childhood Around 1900 (Middle (composed during exile)) Journal (Career-spanning) The Sacred Pipe (Late) The Sixth Grandfather (Posthumous (testamentary materials)) Loaves and Fishes (Middle-to-late) Martin & Malcolm & America (Mid-to-late) On the Soul (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) Decision Points (Late (post-presidency)) Sermons (Career-spanning (Geneva preaching)) Stromateis (Miscellanies) Against Heresies Hexaemeron (Late) Life of Moses (Late) Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew De Officiis Ministrorum (Late) Vulgate (Latin Bible translation) (Mature)

The information dissipates with the substrate; restoration is in principle impossible.

50 schools

On this view, the information that made the person is not preserved past the substrate's dissolution. No sufficient technology and no divine agency can restore what didn't persist. A 'restored' person would be a new person with the same name, not the original.

Why these schools land hereSchools with info_personal_conservation=Non-conserved + matter_conservation=Conserved — Buddhism (especially anatta), Existentialism, Postmodernism, Constructivism, naturalist materialists (Realism, Determinism, Naturalism, Empiricism, OOO, etc.), and Cosmic-ordering schools without personal-soul doctrine (Confucianism, Stoicism, Taoism, Deism) — read the personal pattern as substrate-dependent. The cluster's typical position on cryonics and mind-upload is principled skepticism: the work doesn't restore; it constructs.
Works: Fragments Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi — Inner Chapters Nicomachean Ethics Letter to Menoeceus Meditations Ethics An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Late) On the Origin of Species Thus Spoke Zarathustra Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Early) Being and Time (Early) The Myth of Sisyphus Being and Nothingness Philosophical Investigations (Late) The Analects Metaphysics Leviathan Capital, Volume I (Late) On Liberty The Second Sex Utilitarianism The Communist Manifesto (Early) A Theory of Justice Cartesian Meditations (Late) The World as Will and Representation Letter on Humanism (Late) De Anima Politics Outlines of Pyrrhonism Mencius Xunzi I Ching De Cive (Early) A Treatise of Human Nature (Early) Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Late) Theses on Feuerbach (Early) The Problems of Philosophy (Early) The Foundations of Arithmetic Experience and Nature (Late) What Is Metaphysics? (Early) Phenomenology of Perception The Order of Things Of Grammatology On Certainty (Latest) Relativity: The Special and General Theory Physics and Philosophy The Selfish Gene The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The Open Society and Its Enemies On the Genealogy of Morality (Late) A History of Western Philosophy (Late) Theory of Communicative Action Discipline and Punish (Late) Physics Theological-Political Treatise (Early) Existentialism Is a Humanism The Natural History of Religion (Late) Political Liberalism (Late) Two Dogmas of Empiricism Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Early) Beyond Good and Evil (Late) The Birth of Tragedy (Early) The Ethics of Ambiguity (Early) The Subjection of Women (Late) The Rebel (Late) The Question Concerning Technology (Late) Categories Principia Mathematica (Early (both authors)) On Interpretation Why I Am Not a Christian (Mid-late) The Gay Science (Middle (between Daybreak and Zarathustra)) The History of Sexuality (Late (his last major project)) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Mid (the breakthrough book)) The Copernican Revolution (Early (Kuhn's first book)) Science of Logic (Mid (the central work of the mature Hegelian system)) The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Early (the most ambitious early work, before the Arcades Project)) The Logical Structure of the World (Early (Carnap's breakthrough work)) Zhuangzi The Stranger (Early (the breakthrough novel)) Brave New World (Mid (Huxley's breakthrough novel)) Ideas and Opinions (Late (the most comprehensive single-volume collection)) The Concept of Nature (Early-mid (preceding Science and the Modern World, 1925)) Nausea (Early (Sartre's first novel, before Being and Nothingness)) Critique of Dialectical Reason (Late (Sartre's major late philosophical work)) Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Late (Berlin lectures of the 1820s, his mature mature)) Lectures on Aesthetics (Late (Berlin lectures)) Madness and Civilization (Early (Foucault's breakthrough work, his doctoral dissertation)) The Birth of the Clinic (Early-mid (between Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things)) The Archaeology of Knowledge (Mid (methodological transition between archaeological and genealogical phases)) A System of Logic (Early (Mill's first major book, the foundation of his philosophical reputation)) De Providentia (Late) Prior and Posterior Analytics On the Heavens On Nature (Fragments) Essays in Zen Buddhism (Mid (Suzuki's major early period of Western dissemination)) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early (Suzuki's first major book; preceding the Essays in Zen Buddhism by twenty years)) The Savage Mind (Mid (the systematic statement of structural anthropology)) Structural Anthropology (Mid (the methodological consolidation)) Tradition and the Individual Talent (Early (Eliot's major early critical statement)) Tahāfut al-Tahāfut (Mid-late (Averroes's major systematic philosophical defence)) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Early) Parerga and Paralipomena (Late) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Mid) Gravitation (Mid-late) It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum (Late) Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist (Late) Zen and Japanese Culture (Late) Parmenides Sophist Mystics and Zen Masters (Late) The Elementary Structures of Kinship (Early (Lévi-Strauss's breakthrough work; the foundation of structural anthropology)) Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Late (Næss's mature statement; the systematic expansion of his 1973 "shallow vs deep ecology" essay)) The Conscious Mind (Early (Chalmers's breakthrough book, derived from his 1993 Indiana PhD)) Tool-Being (Early (Harman's breakthrough work, derived from his 1999 DePaul PhD)) On the Plurality of Worlds (Late (Lewis's mature systematic statement of the modal-realist programme)) Time and Modality (Early (Prior's first major synthesis of tense logic, derived from his 1955-56 Oxford Locke Lectures)) Reality+ (Late (Chalmers's major popular-and-technical synthesis on virtual reality and the simulation hypothesis)) The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme)) Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now (Mature (Lanier's short polemical follow-up to Who Owns the Future?, 2013, and Dawn of the New Everything, 2017)) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Mature (Kripke's second major book after Naming and Necessity, 1980)) Convention: A Philosophical Study (Early (Lewis's first book, published at 28, the year he began at UCLA)) Seven Valleys and Four Valleys (Early (composed before the 1863 proclamation)) The Waves (Mature) The Descent of Man (Mature) The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (Mature) Letter to Herodotus (Mature) Principal Doctrines (Mature) A Theory of Conditionals (Early) Inquiry (Mid-career) Context and Content (Mid-to-late) Ways a World Might Be (Late-middle) Our Knowledge of the Internal World (Late) Context (Late) Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (Mid-career) Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? (Mid-career, post-EPR) Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Late) Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Final) From a Logical Point of View (Mid-career) Set Theory and Its Logic (Mid-career) Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (Mid-to-late) The Roots of Reference (Late) Pursuit of Truth (Late) The Poverty of Historicism (Mid-career) Objective Knowledge (Late) Substance and Function (Early) The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy (Middle) The Myth of the State (Final) Plato's Dialectical Ethics (Early) Philosophical Hermeneutics (Late-middle) The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (Late) Reason in the Age of Science (Late) Speech and Phenomena (Early) Margins of Philosophy (Middle (one of three 1972 volumes)) Limited Inc (Middle-late) Specters of Marx (Late) American Power and the New Mandarins (Early (political work)) Reflections on Language (Mid-career (linguistic work)) Manufacturing Consent (Mid-late (political work)) The Minimalist Program (Late (linguistic work)) Quaestiones in Tertium De Anima (Early-to-middle) De Anima Intellectiva (Middle (post-Aquinas-attack)) De Aeternitate Mundi (Middle) Quaestiones super Librum de Causis (Late) On Vision and Colors (Early) On the Will in Nature (Middle) The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Late) On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Early) Intelligent Machinery (Mid) The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis (Late) The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms (Final) Parts of Animals (Middle) Expression and Meaning (Mid-career) Minds, Brains, and Programs (Mid-career) Mind: A Brief Introduction (Late) Parts of Classes (Late-middle) Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology (Late) Papers in Philosophical Logic (Late) A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic (Earliest) Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic (Early) Philosophical Troubles (Late) Philosophy of New Music (Middle) Aesthetic Theory (Final) Letter to Pythocles (Mature) Vatican Sayings (Mature) The Therapy of Desire (Middle) Women and Human Development (Middle-to-late) Not for Profit (Late) A Dying Colonialism (Middle (during Algerian war)) Reflections on the Guillotine (Late) The First Man (Final (unfinished)) Essays, Moral and Political (Middle) The History of England (Late) Popular Scientific Lectures (Middle) Knowledge and Error (Late) Guerrilla Metaphysics (Early) Object-Oriented Ontology (Late-middle) The Roads to Freedom (Middle) The Words (Late) Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (Early-to-middle) Contributions to Philosophy (Of the Event) (Middle (Kehre)) Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology (Late) The Philosophical Foundations of Physics (Late) On Dialogue (Late (posthumous)) Contact (Late) She Came to Stay (Early) Pyrrhus and Cineas (Early) You Are Not a Gadget (Early (public-philosophical career)) Who Owns the Future? (Middle (public-philosophical career)) Dawn of the New Everything (Middle-to-late) Deep Utopia (Late) Fragments and Testimonia On Nature (fragments) Paradoxes (fragments) Republic (fragments) (Early) Logical Investigations (fragments) (Mature) On Providence (fragments) (Mature) On the Sacred Disease Hymn to Zeus Fragments (Reconstructed) On the Natural Faculties Arthashastra Thirukkural

What is held by God or sustaining practice can be restored; what isn't can't.

15 schools

On these views, the conservation of personal information depends on what is sustaining it. The Eastern Orthodox doctrine of resurrection holds that the person is preserved in God's memory and restored in the resurrection by divine action operating on what God has held. What is preserved only on the dissolving body or in fading human memory is, on this view, genuinely released.

Why these schools land hereSchools with energy_conservation=Variable — Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Kabbalah, Hermeticism, Neo-Platonism, Sikhism, Afrofuturism, Dualism, Idealism, Solipsism, Psychedelic / Entheogenic — share the read of conservation as conditional on sustaining presence. The cluster's doctrines of restoration typically locate the preservation in something sustaining (divine memory, cosmic record, ritual continuity, the One's self-disclosure) rather than in either pure information realism or pure substrate-dependence.
Works: The Upanishads The Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras Brahma Sutra Bhāṣya The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview (Late (Nishida's final completed essay, written months before his death)) Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Mature (after Mere Christianity and Screwtape; the most philosophical of Lewis's apologetic works)) The Metaphysics of Modern Existence (Mature (Deloria's most ambitious philosophical work)) Pure Lust (Late-mature) A Pluralistic Universe (Late) Essays in Radical Empiricism (Late posthumous) Parable of the Sower (Mature) Parable of the Talents (Late-mature) The Immeasurable Equation (Posthumous) The Meaning of the Creative Act (Early-mature) Quantum: The Search for Links (Late) A Burst of Light (Late) The Bluest Eye (Mid) Sula (Mid) Jazz (Late) An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (Late) Down to Earth (Late) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Late) Atlantis (Mid) Lanquidity (Late) The Magic City (Mid) Sun Ra Discography (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) Necropolitics (Mature) Brutalism (Late) The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Mature) Spring Snow (Late) The Decay of the Angel (Late) Lectures on Psychical Research (Late) The Temple of Dawn (Late) Studies on Hysteria (Early) Totem and Taboo (Mid) The Ego and the Id (Late) Moses and Monotheism (Late) Psychology of the Unconscious (Early) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (Mid) Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle (Late) Pali Canon: Sutta Pitaka (Early) Pali Canon: Abhidhamma Pitaka (Early-Mid) Dhammapada (Early) Wild Seed (Mid) Dawn (Mid) Fledgling (Late) Bloodchild and Other Stories (Mid) Global Catastrophic Risks (Mid) Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Late) The Lankavatara Sutra (Mid) Promise Me, Dad (Late) Trump: The Art of the Comeback (Mid) Call to Arms (Nahan) (Mid) Wandering (Panghuang) (Mid) Wild Grass (Yecao) (Mid) Shōzōmatsu Wasan (Late) With Head and Heart (Late) Vigrahavyāvartanī (Early) Śūnyatāsaptati (Mid) Yuktiṣaṣṭikā (Mid) Ratnāvalī (Mid-to-late) The Asian Journal (Late (final)) The Memorandum (Early) To the Castle and Back (Late) Babar Vani (Mid) The First Cities (Early) Etz Chayim (Posthumous (transmission)) Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim (Posthumous (transmission)) Mind-Energy (Middle) Letters (Career-spanning) Ramayana

Nothing of what was can be restored; restoration is wishful framing.

3 schools

On this view, neither the information nor the conditions that hosted it persist past the dissolution. Talk of restoration mistakes the continuity of names or roles for the continuity of the underlying being. The person is gone; any 'restoration' is a separate being whose relationship to the original is conventional.

Why these schools land hereThe nothing-conserved cluster — Nihilism, Psychedelic, Wellness in some readings — denies the conservation that would make restoration meaningful. The position is unsentimental about death and uninterested in the various restoration projects that depend on the conservation framing.
Works: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā The Heart Sutra The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch

Schools the coordinates don't place

These schools don't satisfy any stance's coordinate pattern strongly enough to be assigned — either because they decline to commit on the question (Confucianism is famously silent on what comes after; Pyrrhonian and pragmatist traditions suspend judgment), or because their attribute signature crosses categories in a way the five buckets don't capture.

Related Experiments

Experiments engaging the same dimensions as this dilemma — they\'re where the same questions get stress-tested in cleaner cases.

Related Historical Debates

Historical confrontations where parties argued out questions on these dimensions.

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