Dilemma

Is memory stored or reconstructed?

Engrams and traces — or continuous re-narration each time you remember? The cognitive-science debate has a theological cousin: divine memory holding each hair, or the ancestors' continuous remembering.

Context

Contemporary cognitive science is divided on whether memory is stored as discrete traces (engrams, weights) that retrieval reads off, or whether each act of remembering is a fresh reconstruction from cues. The question has theological cousins. Some traditions read memory as held in discrete divine records — the Lord who knows each hair, the karmic ledger that records each act, the angelic scribe. Others read memory as a continuous holding — divine remembering that is itself an unbroken act, ancestral memory that flows through the relational fabric, the One that contains everything without dividing it.

Why it matters

Whether memory is storage or reconstruction shapes cognitive science, jurisprudence (eyewitness testimony, recovered memories), the theology of resurrection (is the person re-instantiated from a record or held in divine remembering?), and contemplative practice (what is it that you are 'remembering' in anamnesis?).

The coordinates that split the schools

info_granularity Observer · Metaphysical Agency What kinds of agency beyond natural causation the school recognises

The stances

Stored — discrete engrams, traces, weights.

18 schools

On this view, memory is the readout of discrete information stored in the substrate: engrams, synaptic weights, file-like records. Reconstruction at retrieval is real but secondary; without the stored bits there would be nothing to reconstruct from.

Why these schools land hereinfo_granularity=Discrete + obs_metaphysical_agency=None gathers Dataism, Transhumanism, Simulation Theory, Gamer, Quantum Realism, Multiverse, and the other computational and discretist-naturalist schools. They are most comfortable with storage-and-retrieval framings drawn from information theory and computer science.
Works: The Dhammapada Letter to Menoeceus An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Late) On the Origin of Species Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Early) Leviathan Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Abhidharmakośa Visuddhimagga The Heart Sutra De Cive (Early) A Treatise of Human Nature (Early) Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Late) The Problems of Philosophy (Early) The Foundations of Arithmetic The Order of Things Physics and Philosophy The Selfish Gene A History of Western Philosophy (Late) The Natural History of Religion (Late) Two Dogmas of Empiricism Principia Mathematica (Early (both authors)) Why I Am Not a Christian (Mid-late) The History of Sexuality (Late (his last major project)) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Mid (the breakthrough book)) The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Early (the most ambitious early work, before the Arcades Project)) The Logical Structure of the World (Early (Carnap's breakthrough work)) The Stranger (Early (the breakthrough novel)) Nausea (Early (Sartre's first novel, before Being and Nothingness)) Madness and Civilization (Early (Foucault's breakthrough work, his doctoral dissertation)) The Birth of the Clinic (Early-mid (between Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things)) The Archaeology of Knowledge (Mid (methodological transition between archaeological and genealogical phases)) The Savage Mind (Mid (the systematic statement of structural anthropology)) Structural Anthropology (Mid (the methodological consolidation)) The Waste Land (Mid (the canonical modernist poem)) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Mid) A Cyborg Manifesto (Mid) Reality+ (Late (Chalmers's major popular-and-technical synthesis on virtual reality and the simulation hypothesis)) Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Late) A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Mid) The Double Helix (Mid) Traité élémentaire de chimie (Late) The Order of Time (Late) Course in General Linguistics (Late) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Mid) Foundations of Geometry (Mid) Hopscotch (Mid) A New Kind of Science (Mid) Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? (Mid) Snow Crash (Mid) The Quadruple Object (Late) The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme)) Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now (Mature (Lanier's short polemical follow-up to Who Owns the Future?, 2013, and Dawn of the New Everything, 2017)) On Violence (Late (Arendt's most-cited short political essay, written in response to the 1968 student movements)) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Mature (Kripke's second major book after Naming and Necessity, 1980)) Convention: A Philosophical Study (Early (Lewis's first book, published at 28, the year he began at UCLA)) Sidereus Nuncius (Early-mid (the breakthrough that established Galileo's international reputation)) The Assayer (Mature (composed during the brief honeymoon between Galileo and the new Pope Urban VIII)) Political Treatise (Late (Spinoza's last work, left incomplete at his death)) Topics (Mid-mature) Historia Animalium (Mature) Three Guineas (Late) Gyn/Ecology (Mature) Politics and Conscience (Mature (composed during Havel's dissident period before the 1989 Velvet Revolution)) Resistance to Civil Government (Mature) Translation of Plato's dialogues (Mature) Some Remarks on Logical Form (Transitional) The Descent of Man (Mature) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Late) Journal of Researches (Early) The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (Last) The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (Mature) The Born-Einstein Letters (Mature-late) Letter to Herodotus (Mature) Principal Doctrines (Mature) Notes of a Native Son (Mid-mature) A Madman's Diary (Mid-mature) The True Story of Ah Q (Mature) Consequences of Pragmatism (Mid) Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth (Mid) Judgment Under Uncertainty (Mid) Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (Late) Words and Life (Late) Choices, Values, and Frames (Mid) Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam (Late) Quantum Theory and Measurement (Mid) Quantum: The Search for Links (Late) Primate Visions (Mid) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (Mid) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™ (Late) Laboratory Life (Early) Science in Action (Mid) An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (Late) Reflections on the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression (Early) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Late) Tomorrow Is Now (Late) The Open Sore of a Continent (Late) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Mid) 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (Mid) Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks (Late) Sapiens: A Graphic History (Late) Formal Logic (Early) Past, Present and Future (Mature) Papers on Time and Tense (Late) Objects of Thought (Late) The Great World-System (Megas Diakosmos) (Mature) On the Mind (Mature) On Cheerfulness (Mature) On Forms (Peri Ideōn) (Mature) Cosmos (Mid) Pale Blue Dot (Late) The Dragons of Eden (Mid) The Demon-Haunted World (Late) Quantum Theory (Early) Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (Mid) The Undivided Universe (Late) On the Postcolony (Mid) Critique of Black Reason (Late) Necropolitics (Mature) Brutalism (Late) The Blind Watchmaker (Mid) The Extended Phenotype (Mid) The God Delusion (Late) The Ancestor's Tale (Late) Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Early) Teaching to Transgress (Mid) The Will to Change (Late) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) (Mature) Der Gedanke (The Thought) (Late) Posthumous Writings (Posthumous) Function and Concept (Mature) The Raw and the Cooked (Mature) From Honey to Ashes (Mature) The Origin of Table Manners (Mature) The Naked Man (Late) The Mind and its Place in Nature (Mid) Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy (Mature) Five Types of Ethical Theory (Mid) West India Emancipation (Mid) The Audacity of Hope (Mid) A Promised Land (Late) 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (Early) Rivonia Trial Statement (Mid) Inaugural Address (Late) Letters from Prison (Mid) Conversations with Myself (Late) Academica (Academic Skepticism) (Mature) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (Mature) al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (Canon of Medicine) (Mature) Essay on Conic Sections (Early) Pascal-Fermat Correspondence on Probability (Mid) De l'Esprit Géométrique (Mid) Practical Ethics (Mid) How Are We to Live? (Mid) The Expanding Circle (Mid) The Life You Can Save (Late) Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Early) The Principles of Mathematics (Early) Our Knowledge of the External World (Mid) Mysticism and Logic (Mid) Human, All Too Human (Mid) Daybreak (Mid) Untimely Meditations (Early) Moses and Monotheism (Late) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Mature) Capital, Volume II (Late) Capital, Volume III (Late) Grundrisse (Mature) Pali Canon: Sutta Pitaka (Early) Pali Canon: Vinaya Pitaka (Early) Pali Canon: Abhidhamma Pitaka (Early-Mid) Anthropic Bias (Early) Global Catastrophic Risks (Mid) Red Earth, White Lies (Late) Evolution, Creationism, and Other Modern Myths (Late) Interpretation and Preciseness (Mid) Reclaiming Reality (Mid) Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom (Late) Reagan, In His Own Hand (Mid) The Real War (Late) A World Transformed (Late) Thousand Points of Light (Mid) Trump: The Art of the Comeback (Mid) Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (Late) Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (Early) De Corpore (Late) De Homine (Late) Behemoth (Late) The Universe in a Nutshell (Mid) The Grand Design (Late) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (Late) American Power and the New Mandarins (Early (political work)) Reflections on Language (Mid-career (linguistic work)) Manufacturing Consent (Mid-late (political work)) The Minimalist Program (Late (linguistic work))

Stored — in divine memory's discrete particulars, or in karmic-record units.

12 schools

On this view, memory is held in discrete particulars by an agency: the Lord who knows each hair, the karmic ledger that records each act, the angelic scribe who writes each deed, the Kabbalistic letters that spell each soul. Storage is real; the storer is real; both are fundamental.

Why these schools land hereinfo_granularity=Discrete + obs_metaphysical_agency in [Personal, Cosmic-ordering, Spirit-relational] gathers Kabbalah, Jainism (with its discrete karmic ontology), Process Theology (whose actual occasions are records of subjectivity), certain tantric and animist readings whose ancestral memory is a counted lineage of acts. The cluster shares: discrete units + agency that holds them.
Works: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Yoga Sutras Process and Reality (Late) Monadology (Late) I Ching The Incoherence of the Philosophers Opticks (Late) On Interpretation Prior and Posterior Analytics It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum (Late) Translations and commentaries on Aristotle's Categories (Mature (the late translation programme Boethius announced and partly completed before his death)) Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178)) Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Mature (after Mere Christianity and Screwtape; the most philosophical of Lewis's apologetic works)) Disputed Questions on Truth (Early-mature (Aquinas's first major work after the Sentences commentary)) On Evil (Late (Aquinas's mature treatment of evil and the passions, parallel to the Summa)) Compendium of Theology (Late (begun during the Roman regency, unfinished at Aquinas's death)) De Libero Arbitrio (Late (the treatise that publicly broke the Erasmus-Luther alliance, written after seven years of pressure for Erasmus to declare his position)) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mature (the work that established Erasmus's international reputation and reshaped biblical scholarship)) Anti-Pelagian writings (Late (Augustine's last great theological controversy, occupying the final two decades of his life)) Physica and Causae et Curae (Mid-mature (Hildegard's middle period, between her three major visionary works)) Against Marcion (Mature (Tertullian's longest and most systematic work)) Against Praxeas (Late (composed in Tertullian's Montanist period but with orthodox Trinitarian content)) On the Resurrection of the Flesh (Mature (one of Tertullian's longest and most carefully argued treatises)) al-Kashf ʿan Manāhij al-Adilla (Mature) Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (Mature (composed at the height of the developing controversy with Rome)) Custer Died for Your Sins (Mature (Deloria's breakthrough book, written at 36)) The American Evasion of Philosophy (Mature (West's major work of intellectual history, written before the Race Matters celebrity)) Dictionnaire philosophique (Late (composed during the Ferney years)) Traité sur la tolérance (Late (the campaign-treatise of the Ferney period)) Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Mid (the work that established Voltaire as a public intellectual of European reach)) Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (Early (Spinoza's first major philosophical project, left incomplete as the Ethics took shape)) Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (Early (Spinoza's first published work)) Veritatis Splendor (Mature) Evangelium Vitae (Late-mature) Theology of the Body (Mature (the major catechetical project of John Paul II's early pontificate)) Romans (Mature (Paul's most extensive and systematic letter)) 1 Corinthians (Mature) 2 Corinthians (Mature) Galatians (Mature) Philippians (Late) 1 Thessalonians (Early) Philemon (Late) A Plea for Captain John Brown (Mature) Slavery in Massachusetts (Mature) Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study (Mature) Purgatorio (Mature) De Vulgari Eloquentia (Mid-mature) De Monarchia (Late) Cur Deus Homo (Late-mature) On Truth (Mature) On Free Will (Mature) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mature) The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Last) Jesus and the Disinherited (Mature) Patriotism (Mid-mature) Slavery and Freedom (Late-mature) Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Mature) Declaration of Independence (Early) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Early) A Summary View of the Rights of British America (Early) The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (Late) Shabuhragan (Mature) Living Gospel (Evangelium Vivum) (Mature) Treasure of Life (Mature) Book of Mysteries (Mature) Poor Richard's Almanack (Mid) Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (Early) Maktūbāt (Letters) (Mature) Brahma-Sūtra-Bhāṣya (Mature) Mahābhārata-Tātparya-Nirṇaya (Mature) Viṣṇu-Tattva-Nirṇaya (Mature) Tattvodyota (Mature) New System (Mature) Correspondence with Arnauld (Mature) Bidāyat al-Mujtahid (Mature) What I Believe (Mid) The Idea of a Christian Society (Mid) How to Be Born Again (Mid) Approaching Hoofbeats (Mid) Quodlibetal Questions (Mature) Treatise on Predestination, Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents (Mature) Dialogue on the Power of the Pope and the Emperor (Late) Commentary on the Sentences (Early) Sun Ra Discography (Late) Original Stories from Real Life (Early) Evangelii Gaudium (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) Amoris Laetitia (Late) Fratelli Tutti (Late) Essays on the Gita (Mature) Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (Mid) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (Mid) Original Sin (Late) The End for Which God Created the World (Late) The Nature of True Virtue (Late) De Veritate (On Truth) (Mid) De Casu Diaboli (On the Fall of the Devil) (Mid) De Processione Spiritus Sancti (On the Procession of the Holy Spirit) (Late) The Crisis of Western Philosophy (Early) The Power of the Poor in History (Mid) Zafarnama (Mature) Commentary on Genesis (Mature) Self-Made Men (Mid-Late) Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (Mid) Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis (Late) Doctrine and Covenants (Mid) The Pearl of Great Price (Mid) King Follett Discourse (Late) Articles of Faith (Mid) Commentaries on the Bible (Mature) Geneva Catechism (Mid) Ecclesiastical Ordinances of Geneva (Mature) Brief Instruction Against the Anabaptists (Mid) Kitāb al-Shifāʾ (Book of Healing) (Mature) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mature) Ilāhiyyāt (Metaphysics of the Shifāʾ) (Mature) Principles of Philosophy (Mature) Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth (Late) Stride Toward Freedom (Early) Why We Can't Wait (Mid) Where Do We Go from Here (Late) The Drum Major Instinct (Late) Tablets to the Political Leaders (Mature) Tabernacle of Unity (Late) Words of Paradise (Kalimát-i-Firdawsiyyih) (Late) Edition of Jerome (Mature) Edition of Augustine (Late) Edition of Origen (Late) Edition of Cyprian (Mature) The Reagan Diaries (Late) Evil Empire Speech (Late) Leaders (Late) All the Best (Late) Larger and Smaller Catechisms (Mature) Luther German Bible (Mature) Lectures on Galatians (Mature) Lectures on Genesis (Late) Mattōshō (Late) Standard Sermons (Mid-to-late) Notes Upon the New Testament (Mid) A Compendium of Natural Philosophy (Late) The Arminian Magazine (Late) Spirit in the World (Early) Hearer of the Word (Early) Theological Investigations (Mid-to-late) On the Theology of Death (Mid) Deep Is the Hunger (Mid) Meditations of the Heart (Mid) With Head and Heart (Late) Crying in the Wilderness (Mid) Hope and Suffering (Mid) The Rainbow People of God (Late) Parimala (Mid) Tatparya Chandrika (Mid) Nyaya Mukura (Mid) Bhagavata Tatparya commentary (Mid) Sidh Gosht (Mid) Babar Vani (Mid) Etz Chayim (Posthumous (transmission)) Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim (Posthumous (transmission)) Logical Investigations (fragments) (Mature)

Reconstructed — continuous re-narrating, no fixed engrams.

36 schools

On this view, what we call memory is each time a fresh reconstruction from current cues, current context, and continuous patterns in the substrate. There are no fixed engrams to read off; remembering is a generative act, and the appearance of stable contents is the regularity of the generation rather than the persistence of stored bits.

Why these schools land hereinfo_granularity=Continuous + obs_metaphysical_agency=None gathers Naturalism, Realism, Materialism, Pragmatism, Phenomenology, Existentialism, Constructivism, Postmodernism, Empiricism, Critical Realism, OOO, Hylomorphism, Analytic Metaphysics, Logical Positivism, Dialectical Materialism, Determinism. The reconstructive view of memory has been argued most clearly within phenomenology and constructivism, but the underlying continuous-substrate naturalism is broader.
Works: Thus Spoke Zarathustra Being and Time (Early) The Myth of Sisyphus Being and Nothingness Philosophical Investigations (Late) Capital, Volume I (Late) On Liberty The Second Sex Utilitarianism The Communist Manifesto (Early) A Theory of Justice Cartesian Meditations (Late) Letter on Humanism (Late) Outlines of Pyrrhonism The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch Theses on Feuerbach (Early) Experience and Nature (Late) What Is Metaphysics? (Early) Phenomenology of Perception Of Grammatology On Certainty (Latest) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The Open Society and Its Enemies On the Genealogy of Morality (Late) Theory of Communicative Action Discipline and Punish (Late) Existentialism Is a Humanism Political Liberalism (Late) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Early) Beyond Good and Evil (Late) The Birth of Tragedy (Early) The Ethics of Ambiguity (Early) The Subjection of Women (Late) The Rebel (Late) The Question Concerning Technology (Late) Logical Investigations (Early (the breakthrough work that founds phenomenology)) Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology (Mid (the transcendental turn)) The Gay Science (Middle (between Daybreak and Zarathustra)) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Mid-late (after The Human Condition, before The Life of the Mind)) The Origins of Totalitarianism (Mid (Arendt's breakthrough book)) On Revolution (Late (after Eichmann in Jerusalem)) The Copernican Revolution (Early (Kuhn's first book)) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Early (the breakthrough work)) Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Mid (between the First Discourse and the Social Contract)) The Principles of Psychology (Mid (the major early work; foundational for both psychology and pragmatist philosophy)) The Plague (Mid (between The Stranger and The Rebel)) Brave New World (Mid (Huxley's breakthrough novel)) The Concept of Nature (Early-mid (preceding Science and the Modern World, 1925)) No Exit (Mid (alongside Being and Nothingness)) Critique of Dialectical Reason (Late (Sartre's major late philosophical work)) Notes from Underground (Mid (the transition into the great late period)) The Fall (Late (Camus's last completed novel; the Nobel followed in 1957)) Principles of Political Economy (Mid (Mill's major economic work)) A System of Logic (Early (Mill's first major book, the foundation of his philosophical reputation)) Existence and Existents (Early (the first major book, before Time and the Other)) The Imaginary (Early (preceding Being and Nothingness)) The Interpretation of Dreams (Early (the founding work of psychoanalysis)) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Early-mid (after the Interpretation of Dreams)) Mrs Dalloway (Mid (the first major modernist novel of Woolf's maturity)) To the Lighthouse (Mid (Woolf at the height of her powers)) Confessions of a Mask (Early (the breakthrough novel that established Mishima's literary reputation)) Tristes Tropiques (Mid (Lévi-Strauss's most widely read book)) Essays in Zen Buddhism (Mid (Suzuki's major early period of Western dissemination)) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early (Suzuki's first major book; preceding the Essays in Zen Buddhism by twenty years)) Reason, Truth and History (Mid (the major mid-career book, the systematic statement of internal realism)) Tradition and the Individual Talent (Early (Eliot's major early critical statement)) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Early) An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Mid-late) Achieving Our Country (Late) Representation and Reality (Mid) Gravitation (Mid-late) Playing in the Dark (Mid-late) Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist (Late) Zen and Japanese Culture (Late) The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Mid) Trump: The Art of the Deal (Early) Writing and Difference (Early) Word and Object (Mid) Civilization and Its Discontents (Late) The Future of an Illusion (Late) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Late) Dialectic of Enlightenment (Mid) Negative Dialectics (Late) Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (Mid) Eclipse of Reason (Mid) One-Dimensional Man (Late) Eros and Civilization (Mid) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Late) The Wretched of the Earth (Late) Black Skin, White Masks (Early) Knowledge and Human Interests (Early) Between Facts and Norms (Late) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Mid) Gender Trouble (Early) Bodies That Matter (Early) Orientalism (Mid) Culture and Imperialism (Late) Can the Subaltern Speak? (Mid) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Early) Democracy and Education (Mid) Art as Experience (Late) The Quest for Certainty (Late) The Fixation of Belief (Early) The Elementary Structures of Kinship (Early (Lévi-Strauss's breakthrough work; the foundation of structural anthropology)) The Conscious Mind (Early (Chalmers's breakthrough book, derived from his 1993 Indiana PhD)) Tool-Being (Early (Harman's breakthrough work, derived from his 1999 DePaul PhD)) On the Plurality of Worlds (Late (Lewis's mature systematic statement of the modal-realist programme)) Time and Modality (Early (Prior's first major synthesis of tense logic, derived from his 1955-56 Oxford Locke Lectures)) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Early) Conjectures and Refutations (Mid) The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Late) Against Method (Mid) The Logical Syntax of Language (Mid) Aspects of Scientific Explanation (Mid) The Uses of Argument (Early) Patterns of Discovery (Early) The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Mid) Essays on Actions and Events (Mid) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Mid) Naming and Necessity (Mid) Counterfactuals (Early) Mind and World (Late) Making It Explicit (Mid) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Mid) Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (Early) Truth and Other Enigmas (Mid) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Mid) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Early) Spheres of Justice (Mid) Two Concepts of Liberty (Mid) The Hedgehog and the Fox (Mid) The Concept of the Political (Mid) Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Mid) Shōbōgenzō (Late) Wild Ivy (Itsumadegusa) (Late) Lam rim chen mo (The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment) (Mid) Inquiry on the Great Learning (Daxue Wen) (Late) Zhuzi Yulei (Conversations of Master Zhu, Arranged Topically) (Late) The Feminine Mystique (Late) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Mid) Frontiers of Justice (Late) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Mid) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (Mid) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (Mid) Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Late) Isagoge (Introduction to Aristotle's Categories) (Late) Adversus Mathematicos (Against the Mathematicians / Professors) (Late) The Prince (Il Principe) (Late) Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio) (Late) The Spirit of the Laws (De l'esprit des lois) (Late) Candide (Candide, ou l'Optimisme) (Late) Consciousness Explained (Mid) The Construction of Social Reality (Late) Speech Acts (Early) The View from Nowhere (Mid) An Essay on Free Will (Mid) Reasons and Persons (Mid) On Bullshit (Late) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Late) The Philosophy of Philosophy (Late) Difference and Repetition (Différence et Répétition) (Mid) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 1 (Late) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 2 (Late) Écrits (Mid) The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (Late) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (La condition postmoderne) (Late) Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (Pouvoirs de l'horreur) (Mid) Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum, de l'autre femme) (Mid) Simulacra and Simulation (Simulacres et simulation) (Late) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Late) Philosophy of Liberation (Filosofía de la Liberación) (Mid) Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana) (Mid) The Idea of Latin America (Late) Toward the African Revolution (Late) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency (Après la finitude) (Late) We Have Never Been Modern (Nous n'avons jamais été modernes) (Mid) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory (Late) Silent Spring (Late) A Sand County Almanac (Late) The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (Late) Critique of Cynical Reason (Kritik der zynischen Vernunft) (Mid) The End of History and the Last Man (Mid) The Emperor's New Mind (Late) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Mid) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (Mid) Ways of Worldmaking (Late) The Claim of Reason (Mid) Natural Goodness (Late) Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Mid) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Late) The Many Faces of Realism (Mid) The Social Construction of What? (Late) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Mid) The Souls of Black Folk (Mid) Mind, Self, and Society (Late) The Education of Henry Adams (Late) A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Mid) Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (Dongxi wenhua ji qi zhexue) (Early) The Importance of Living (Mid) Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (Late) Religion and Nothingness (Shūkyō to wa nani ka) (Mid) The First and Last Freedom (Mid) Being Peace (Late) Women, Race & Class (Mid) Black Feminist Thought (Mid) Don Quixote (El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) (Late) Gulliver's Travels (Late) Ficciones (Mid) Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot) (Mid) Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili) (Mid) A Vision (Late) Begriffsschrift (Early) On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Early) The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Mid) Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre) (Mid) The Science of Mechanics (Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung) (Mid) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (La Théorie physique: son objet, sa structure) (Late) Science and Hypothesis (La Science et l'hypothèse) (Late) The Philosophy of Space and Time (Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre) (Mid) Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Mid) The Essential Tension (Late) The Trial (Der Process) (Late) Ulysses (Mid) A Room of One's Own (Late) Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann) (Mid) The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) (Late) Middlemarch (Late) The Sound and the Fury (Mid) Collected Poems (Late) 1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (Late) The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality (Late) Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism (Mid) When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times (Late) The Language Instinct (Late) Syntactic Structures (Early) Metaphors We Live By (Late) Animal Liberation (Mid) Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Late) Escape from Freedom (Mid) The Sociological Imagination (Mid) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Mid) The Social Construction of Reality (Mid) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (La Distinction) (Mid) The Culture of Narcissism (Late) Liquid Modernity (Late) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Late) The Fall of Public Man (Mid) Our Mathematical Universe (Late) The Life of the Mind (Late) The Sublime Object of Ideology (Mid) A Brief History of Time (Late) Full Catastrophe Living (Late) Thinking, Fast and Slow (Late) The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Late) Cosmopolitics (Late) The Black Swan (Late) If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (Mid) The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) (Late) Austerlitz (Late) The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy (Mid) Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Le Capital au XXIe siècle) (Late) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Late) An Essay on the Principle of Population (Late) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Late) The Methods of Ethics (Late) Principia Ethica (Early) Language, Truth, and Logic (Early) The Concept of Mind (Mid) How to Do Things with Words (Late) The Blue and Brown Books (Mid) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Late) The Division of Labor in Society (Early) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mid) Economy and Society (Late) The Philosophy of Money (Mid) Development as Freedom (Late) On Sense and Reference (Mid) Intentionality (Mid) The Language of Thought (Mid) The Sources of Normativity (Mid) Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Late) The Struggle for Recognition (Mid) What Is Life? (Late) Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Late) The Growth of Biological Thought (Late) Wonderful Life (Late) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Late) The Character of Physical Law (Mid) Descartes' Error (Late) On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Mid) The Castle (Late) A Doll's House (Mid) The Cherry Orchard (Late) Disgrace (Late) History of the Peloponnesian War (Early) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Late) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Late) Prison Notebooks (Late) History and Class Consciousness (Mid) The State and Revolution (Late) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Late) The Road to Serfdom (Mid) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Late) The Interpretation of Cultures (Late) The Logic of Practice (Late) The Construction of Reality in the Child (Mid) Thought and Language (Mid) The Mind of Primitive Man (Late) Childhood and Society (Mid) Motivation and Personality (Mid) Attachment and Loss (Late) Envy and Gratitude (Late) The Dispossessed (Late) Mother Courage and Her Children (Late) The German Ideology (Early) The Poetics of Space (Late) On Photography (Late) Ways of Seeing (Late) Camera Lucida (Late) Studies in Iconology (Late) The Story of Art (Mid) The Great Gatsby (Mid) Foundation (Mid) The Handmaid's Tale (Late) Invisible Man (Mid) My Brilliant Friend (Late) Gravity's Rainbow (Mid) Ariel (Late) Canto General (Mid) 2666 (Late) The Golden Notebook (Mid) Decolonising the Mind (Late) Proof of an External World (Late) Sense and Sensibilia (Late) The Unreality of Time (Late) The Analysis of Mind (Mid) The Analysis of Matter (Mid) The Analysis of Sensations (Mid) Scientific Thought (Mid) A Realist Theory of Science (Mid) The Possibility of Naturalism (Mid) Anti-Duhring (Late) Fathers and Sons (Mid) Kindred (Mid) A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (Late) Homo Deus (Late) The Singularity Is Near (Late) Realism with a Human Face (Late) Hyperobjects (Late) The Structure of Objects (Mid) Things and Their Parts (Mid) Writing the Book of the World (Mid) The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement (Mid) Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics (Early) Capital (Late) The Structure of the World (Late) The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Late (Husserl's last work, written in Freiburg under Nazi proscription)) An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution to Einstein's Field Equations (Mature (the Princeton period — Gödel's only published paper in general relativity)) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late (Næss's closing popular statement, written at 86)) Duration and Simultaneity (Mature (the disastrous engagement with Einstein that damaged Bergson's standing among physicists)) Laughter (Early-mature (between Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution)) The Fragility of Goodness (Mature (the book that established Nussbaum as a major figure)) Upheavals of Thought (Late-mature (Nussbaum's magnum opus, eight years in the writing after the Gifford Lectures)) Men in Dark Times (Late (collected from essays spanning more than a decade)) On What Matters (Late (Parfit's final, three-decade-in-the-making work — his second after Reasons and Persons, 1984)) Ocean of Reasoning (Mature (Tsongkhapa's major philosophical-Madhyamaka work)) Rhetoric (Mature) Poetics (Mature) On Generation and Corruption (Mature) The Mandarins (Mature) Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (Mature) Old Age (Late-mature) A Very Easy Death (Late) Orlando (Mature) The Waves (Mature) Between the Acts (Last) Disturbing the Peace (Late-dissident (composed three years before the Velvet Revolution)) Summer Meditations (Late (the first major post-1989 reflection on the transition from dissidence to governance)) Othello (Mature) Antony and Cleopatra (Mature) Measure for Measure (Mature) Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Early) The Sea, The Sea (Late-mature) Essays in Radical Empiricism (Late posthumous) Eyeless in Gaza (Mid-mature) Brave New World Revisited (Late) Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (Mid-mature) Theory of Colors (Mature) Italian Journey (Late-mature retrospective) Giovanni's Room (Mid-mature) The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (Late) A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime (Late) Coal (Mid) Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Late) A Burst of Light (Late) The Bluest Eye (Mid) When Species Meet (Late) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (Early) Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman (Late) The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Mature) Dreams from My Father (Early) The Conquest of Happiness (Mid) Ecce Homo (Late) Studies on Hysteria (Early) Totem and Taboo (Mid) The Ego and the Id (Late) Dhammapada (Early) Bloodchild and Other Stories (Mid) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Early) Call to Arms (Nahan) (Mid) Wandering (Panghuang) (Mid) Wild Grass (Yecao) (Mid) Old Tales Retold (Gushi Xinbian) (Late) The Poverty of Historicism (Mid-career) Objective Knowledge (Late) Plato's Dialectical Ethics (Early) Philosophical Hermeneutics (Late-middle) The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (Late) Reason in the Age of Science (Late) Speech and Phenomena (Early) Margins of Philosophy (Middle (one of three 1972 volumes)) Limited Inc (Middle-late) Specters of Marx (Late) Philosophy of New Music (Middle) Aesthetic Theory (Final) The Therapy of Desire (Middle) Women and Human Development (Middle-to-late) Not for Profit (Late) Contact (Late) Paradoxes (fragments) On the Sacred Disease

Held in continuous divine or ancestral remembering — neither stored discretely nor purely reconstructed.

64 schools

On this view, memory is held by an agency in a continuous way: divine remembering that is itself an unbroken act, the ancestors' continuous attending, the Tao that does not forget, the One that contains everything without dividing it into records. The storage/reconstruction dichotomy presupposes a substrate the view doesn't centre.

Why these schools land hereinfo_granularity=Continuous + obs_metaphysical_agency in [Personal, Cosmic-ordering, Spirit-relational] gathers the Abrahamic traditions (Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, LDS, Islamic, Jewish, Bahá'í), the cosmic-ordering cluster (Taoism, Confucianism, Stoicism, Hinduism, Buddhism in its continuous readings, Sufism, Sikhism, Hermeticism, Neo-Platonism, Advaita), and the spirit-relational cluster (Animism, ATR/Yoruba-Ifá, Ubuntu, Shintoism, Deep Ecology). The cluster's common structure: memory is held continuously, by an agency.
Works: The Upanishads Fragments The Bhagavad Gita Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi — Inner Chapters The Republic Timaeus (Late) Nicomachean Ethics Meditations Confessions (Early) Summa Theologiae On the Bondage of the Will Institutes of the Christian Religion (Late) Meditations on First Philosophy Pensées Ethics Critique of Pure Reason Phenomenology of Spirit (Early) Fear and Trembling (Early) Mere Christianity The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) The New Testament The Quran The Analects Metaphysics Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Phaedo City of God (Late) The Consolation of Philosophy Proslogion The Guide of the Perplexed The Enneads An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Late) The World as Will and Representation Letters and Papers from Prison (Late) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Late) The Varieties of Religious Experience Metaphysics of The Book of Healing (Late) An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (Late) Symposium De Anima A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (Early) Fides et Ratio (Late) Apology (Early) Phaedrus (Late) Politics On the Nature of the Gods (Late) Brahma Sutra Bhāṣya Mencius Xunzi On the Trinity (Late) Summa Contra Gentiles (Early) The German Sermons (Late) The Mystical Theology Revelations of Divine Love The Imitation of Christ Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Late) Mathnawi (Late) The Zohar Two Treatises of Government (Late) Critique of Practical Reason (Late) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Critique of Judgment (Late) The Sickness Unto Death (Late) Either/Or (Early) System of Transcendental Idealism (Early) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Democracy in America How to Make Our Ideas Clear Totality and Infinity (Early) The Human Condition Relativity: The Special and General Theory Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Novum Organum Concluding Unscientific Postscript On Free Choice of the Will (Early) Meno (Early) The Courage to Be After Virtue The Abolition of Man Commentary on Romans (Early) Physics Theological-Political Treatise (Early) The Brothers Karamazov (Late) Theaetetus (Late) Crito (Early) Laws (Latest) A Letter Concerning Toleration (Late) Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Late) On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Early) The Cost of Discipleship (Early) Pragmatism (Late) Cur Deus Homo (Late) Categories The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Early-to-late (he revised it throughout his life)) The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Late (post-crisis)) Deliverance from Error (Late) Gettysburg Address (Mature (Civil War)) Second Inaugural Address (Late (six weeks before assassination)) Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Mid-late (the second of the After Virtue trilogy)) The Problem of Pain (Mid (post-conversion, pre-Narnia)) Discourse on the Method (Mid (1637, in mature middle age; preceding the Meditations of 1641)) Theodicy (Late) The Concept of Anxiety (Mid (the productive year of 1844 — Concept of Anxiety, Philosophical Fragments, etc.)) A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (Mid (Northampton pastorate; the major work of evangelical reflection)) Divine Comedy: Inferno (Late (Dante's exile years)) A Plain Account of Christian Perfection (Late) I and Thou (Mid (the foundational statement of dialogical philosophy)) Walden (Mid (Thoreau's major prose statement)) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Late (the mature systematic philosophy)) Works of Love (Late (after the pseudonymous works; the major direct theological work)) Essays: First Series (Mid (Emerson at the peak of his powers)) The Will to Believe (Mid (between Principles of Psychology and Varieties of Religious Experience)) The Nature and Destiny of Man (Mid-late (Niebuhr's major systematic work)) Adventures of Ideas (Late (Whitehead's last major book)) Dependent Rational Animals (Late (the explicit Thomist completion of the After Virtue trilogy)) Life Together (Mid (between the Cost of Discipleship and the prison theology)) The Sovereignty of Good (Mid (her major philosophical statement, alongside Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals 1992)) Science of Logic (Mid (the central work of the mature Hegelian system)) The Epistle to the Romans (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Social Contract (Late (after the two Discourses; the political conclusion of Rousseau's mature thought)) Émile (Late) Monologion (Early (Anselm's first major work, before the Proslogion)) Otherwise than Being (Late (the more radical successor to Totality and Infinity, 1961)) Zhuangzi The Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Early (Erasmus's first major work)) The Perennial Philosophy (Late (Huxley's mature spiritual-philosophical synthesis)) The Doors of Perception (Late) Ideas and Opinions (Late (the most comprehensive single-volume collection)) Science and the Modern World (Mid (the major statement of philosophical-cultural critique, preceding the technical metaphysics of Process and Reality)) Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (Late (third volume of the After Virtue trilogy)) Letter from Birmingham Jail (Mid (the canonical theological-political document)) Strength to Love (Mid (the major collection of sermons)) Gravity and Grace (Posthumous (Weil died in 1943 at age 34)) The Need for Roots (Posthumous) Waiting for God (Posthumous) Sanctorum Communio (Earliest (Bonhoeffer's dissertation at age 21)) The Seven Storey Mountain (Early (Merton's breakthrough book; the spiritual autobiography of his conversion)) Seeds of Contemplation (1949) / New Seeds of Contemplation (Mid-late (Merton's mature contemplative theology)) Love and Responsibility (Early (his major pre-papal work; drawn from pastoral and academic teaching)) The Acting Person (Mid (his major academic-philosophical work, before his 1978 papal election)) Hind Swaraj (Early (the founding text of Gandhi's mature political-philosophical vision)) An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Late-mid (looking back over the formative years)) Mishneh Torah (Mid (the major legal work, between the early Commentary on the Mishnah and the late Guide of the Perplexed)) Sister Outsider (Mid (the major prose collection of Lorde's career)) Tales of the Hasidim (Late (Buber's mature engagement with the Hasidic tradition)) A Black Theology of Liberation (Early (the systematic founding text of the field)) The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Late (Cone's major late book)) Gitanjali (Mid (the Nobel-winning collection)) Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (Mid (the major philosophical prose statement)) No Future Without Forgiveness (Late (the major reflective work after the TRC)) Crime and Punishment (Mid (the first of Dostoevsky's great late novels)) The Idiot (Mid (after Crime and Punishment, before Demons and Karamazov)) Demons (Mid-late (the third of the four great novels)) Moral Man and Immoral Society (Early-mid (Niebuhr's breakthrough book that established Christian realism)) The Irony of American History (Late (Niebuhr's major Cold War political-theological book)) Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Late (Berlin lectures of the 1820s, his mature mature)) Lectures on Aesthetics (Late (Berlin lectures)) Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Mature (the most comprehensive single-text statement of the system)) Scivias (Early (the first of her three major visionary works)) Liber Divinorum Operum (Late (the culmination of her visionary trilogy)) On Christian Doctrine (Mid-late (composed across three decades)) Philosophical Fragments (Mid (the same productive 1844 as Concept of Anxiety)) Practice in Christianity (Late (the last major pseudonymous work; preceding the attack on the Danish state church)) Repetition (Early-mid (the same explosive 1843 as Either/Or and Fear and Trembling)) Time and the Other (Early (the breakthrough early work, before Totality and Infinity)) Difficult Freedom (Mid (alongside Totality and Infinity)) Liber Vitae Meritorum (Mid (the middle volume of the visionary trilogy)) Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (Late (Berlin lectures)) De Brevitate Vitae (Mid) De Providentia (Late) On the Heavens On Nature (Fragments) Parisian Questions (Mid-late) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mid (Leibniz's breakthrough philosophical statement)) New Essays on Human Understanding (Late) Praise of Folly (Mid (Erasmus's most widely read book)) Adagia (Long (composed across Erasmus's entire mature career)) Psychological Types (Mid (the major systematic work after his 1912-13 break with Freud)) Modern Man in Search of a Soul (Mid-late (mature systematic statement)) Hamlet (Mid (mature middle period)) King Lear (Mid-late (the major tragedies)) Kitáb-i-Íqán (Mid (pre-declaration in 1863)) Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Late (the major late doctrinal-legal book)) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid (the major play of Soyinka's career)) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Early (the first of Douglass's three autobiographies)) What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (Mid (Douglass at the height of his oratorical powers)) Ninety-Five Theses (Early (the founding act of the Reformation)) The Freedom of a Christian (Early (1520 is Luther's most productive year of foundational treatises)) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Early (1520, foundational year)) Four Quartets (Late (Eliot's mature Anglo-Catholic period)) Vita Nuova (Early (Dante's first major work)) Convivio (Mid (early years of exile, preceding the Comedy)) Tahāfut al-Tahāfut (Mid-late (Averroes's major systematic philosophical defence)) The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Late (the mature systematic statement of archetypal psychology)) A Time for Choosing (Early (launched Reagan's political career)) Tear Down This Wall (Late (Reagan presidency at its rhetorical peak)) Why Not the Best? (Mid (pre-presidential)) A Vindication of the Rights of Men (Early (preceding the more famous 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman)) Faust, Part I (Mid (composed across Goethe's career; Part I the major mid-career work)) The Sorrows of Young Werther (Early (the 25-year-old Goethe's breakthrough work)) The Power of the Powerless (Mid (Havel as principal Charter 77 dissident)) First Inaugural Address (Mid (the inauguration after twelve years of Republican presidency)) Six Crises (Mid (pre-presidential, post-1960 defeat)) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) / Counsels on Discernment (Early) Parerga and Paralipomena (Late) Provincial Letters (Late) Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Early) Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Late) Symphonia harmoniae caelestium revelationum (Mid-late) Staying with the Trouble (Late) Beloved (Mid (the Pulitzer-winning major novel)) The Sea of Fertility (Late (the major late work, completed the day of his 1970 ritual suicide)) The Reasonableness of Christianity (Late) Creation and Fall (Early-mid) The Hidden Words (Early) The Lion and the Jewel (Early) Aké: The Years of Childhood (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) Psychology and Alchemy (Late) Answer to Job (Late) Peace with God (Early-mid) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mid) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late (the major autobiographical work)) Runaway Horses (Late) An American Life (Late) My Life (Late) Promises to Keep (Mid) Principles of Nature and Grace (Late) De Tranquillitate Animi (Mid-late) De Vita Beata (Mid-late) Eudemian Ethics Parmenides Sophist Man's Search for Meaning (Mid-late) Systematic Theology (Mid) Island (Late) No Man Is an Island (Mid) Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Late) Mystics and Zen Masters (Late) The Prophetic Faith (Late) Eclipse of God (Late) Commentary on the Mishnah (Early-mid) Anasakti Yoga: The Gita According to Gandhi (Mid-late) Letters to Olga (Mid (composed during Havel's 1979-83 imprisonment)) The Cancer Journals (Mid) The Symbolism of Evil (Early) Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary (Early) Time and Narrative (Late) Oneself as Another (Late) Memory, History, Forgetting (Late) Theses on the Philosophy of History (Late) Truth and Method (Mid) The Philosophy of Loyalty (Late) Modes of Thought (Late) A Theology of Liberation (Early (Gutiérrez's breakthrough work; the founding text of the school)) Symbols of Transformation (Early (the 1912 break-from-Freud book; revised in 1952 as the mature statement of analytical psychology's mythopoeic register)) Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Late (Næss's mature statement; the systematic expansion of his 1973 "shallow vs deep ecology" essay)) Guru Granth Sahib The Avesta The Book of Mormon The Kephalaia The Odu Ifá Corpus Church Dogmatics (Mid) Foundations of Christian Faith (Late) The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics (Late) Jesus Christ and Mythology (Late) Theology of the New Testament (Late) A Community of Character (Mid) Theology of Hope (Early) Systematic Theology (Late) The Politics of Jesus (Mid) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (Late) The Visible and the Invisible (Late) The Prose of the World (Mid) Being Given (Late) The Essence of Manifestation (Early) Heretical Essays in the Philosophy of History (Late) Finite and Eternal Being (Late) Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values (Mid) The Mystery of Being (Late) Philosophy (Mid) Philosophy of Existence (Late) Intention (Mid) Reflections on the Revolution in France (Late) The Federalist Papers (Mid) Sources of the Self (Mid) A Secular Age (Late) Śrī Bhāṣya (Mid) Anuvyākhyāna (Mid) Attaining Enlightenment in This Very Existence (Sokushin Jōbutsu Gi) (Early) The Life Divine (Late) Kitāb al-Najāt (Book of Salvation) (Mid) Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt (Remarks and Admonitions) (Late) Long Commentary on De Anima (Late) Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) (Late) al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations) (Late) al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʿāliya fī l-Asfār al-ʿAqliyya al-Arbaʿa (Transcendent Wisdom in the Four Intellectual Journeys) (Late) Ḥikmat al-Ishrāq (The Philosophy of Illumination) (Mid) Mabādiʾ Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīna al-Fāḍila (Principles of the Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City) (Mid) Fī l-Falsafa al-Ūlā (On First Philosophy) (Early) Muqaddimah (Late) Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (The Mind's Road to God) (Mid) Ordinatio (Late) Summa Logicae (Late) De Docta Ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) (Late) The Divine Names (De Divinis Nominibus) (Late) The Life of Moses (De Vita Moysis) (Late) Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature) (Mid) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Late) Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Late) Christ in a Pluralistic Age (Mid) Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre) (Early) Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Late) Ethics (Ethik) (Late) On Nature (Peri Physeos) (Early) On Nature and Purifications (Fragments) (Early) On Nature (Fragments) (Early) Discourses (Diatribai) (Mid) Enchiridion (Handbook) (Late) Moralia (Ēthika) (Late) On First Principles (Peri Archōn / De Principiis) (Early) On the Incarnation (De Incarnatione Verbi Dei) (Early) On the Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sancto) (Late) Theological Orations (Orations 27-31) (Mid) Ambigua to John (Ambigua ad Iohannem) (Late) Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (De Fide Orthodoxa) (Late) Hymns of Divine Love (Hymnoi tōn Theiōn Erōtōn) (Late) Triads (Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts) (Late) The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (Mid) The Bride of the Lamb (Late) Sic et Non (Yes and No) (Early) Didascalicon (On the Study of Reading) (Early) The Dark Night (La Noche Oscura) (Late) The Interior Castle (Castillo Interior) (Late) Ars Magna (Ars Generalis Ultima) (Late) The Mirror of Simple Souls (Le Mirouer des Simples Âmes) (Late) Oration on the Dignity of Man (Oratio de hominis dignitate) (Mid) On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (De l'Infinito Universo e Mondi) (Late) Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno à Due Nuove Scienze) (Late) The Sceptical Chymist (Mid) Historical and Critical Dictionary (Dictionnaire Historique et Critique) (Late) New Science (Late) Philosophical Letters (Lettres Philosophiques / Lettres Anglaises) (Mid) Utopia (De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia) (Mid) The Passions of the Soul (Les Passions de l'âme) (Late) Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Late) Time and Free Will (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience) (Early) Matter and Memory (Matière et Mémoire) (Mid) Creative Evolution (L'évolution créatrice) (Late) Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt) (Early) The Christian Faith (Der christliche Glaube) (Late) Biographia Literaria (Mid) Preface to Lyrical Ballads (Early) A Confession (Ispoved') (Late) Leaves of Grass (Late) Faust, Part Two (Faust: Der Tragödie zweiter Teil) (Late) Warranted Christian Belief (Late) An Inquiry into the Good (Zen no Kenkyū) (Early) Climate and Culture (Fūdo: ningengakuteki kōsatsu) (Mid) Philosophy as Metanoetics (Zangedō to shite no tetsugaku) (Late) African Religions and Philosophy (Mid) Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Late) Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza (Mid) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Late) The Dream of the Earth (Late) The Justification of the Good (Opravdanie dobra) (Late) The Destiny of Man (O naznachenii cheloveka) (Mid) Athens and Jerusalem (Athènes et Jérusalem) (Late) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Essai sur la théologie mystique de l'Église d'Orient) (Mid) The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Late) Freedom of the Will (Late) An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Mid) Orthodoxy (Mid) Mere Christianity (Mid) Notes on the State of Virginia (Mid) Common Sense (Mid) The Age of Reason (Late) The World and the Individual (Mid) Twenty Years at Hull-House (Late) A Theology for the Social Gospel (Late) The Long Loneliness (Late) Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (Zhi de zhijue yu Zhongguo zhexue) (Late) The Hindu View of Life (Mid) Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Late) Rerum Novarum (Late) Gaudium et Spes (Late) Laudato Si' (Late) The Voice of the Voiceless (Late) Church: Charism and Power (Igreja: carisma e poder) (Mid) Christ the Liberator: A View from the Victims (Late) Black Elk Speaks (Late) God Is Red: A Native View of Religion (Late) Paradiso (Divine Comedy, Cantica III) (Late) Paradise Lost (Late) An Essay on Man (Late) One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (Mid) The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (Mid) Raja Yoga: Conquering the Internal Nature (Late) Autobiography of a Yogi (Late) God in Search of Man (Late) Halakhic Man (Ish ha-Halakhah) (Mid) Long Walk to Freedom (Late) The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Late) The Gulag Archipelago (Late) Second Treatise of Government (Late) Confessions (Late) The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Late (Bergson's last major book, written after a long convalescence)) The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview (Late (Nishida's final completed essay, written months before his death)) Modern Moral Philosophy (Mature (the journal paper that reshaped Anglophone moral philosophy)) Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Late (Murdoch's longest and most ambitious philosophical book, published nine years after the Gifford Lectures)) The Bell (Early-mature (Murdoch's fourth novel, the first to establish her mature manner)) An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution (Late (Wollstonecraft's last completed major non-fiction work, three years before her death)) Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Early (Wollstonecraft's first published book, written from her experience as a governess and a school proprietress)) Aion (Late (one of Jung's last and most ambitious works, written in his mid-seventies)) The Red Book (Middle (the personal experimental record from which all of Jung's later theoretical work emerged)) The Undiscovered Self (Late (one of Jung's last short works, written at 82)) De Officiis (Late (Cicero's last completed philosophical work, written in the months before his proscription and execution)) De Re Publica (Mid-mature (Cicero's political philosophical synthesis, composed during the breakdown of the late Republic)) Tusculan Disputations (Late (composed in the year of Cicero's daughter's death, in his most intense period of philosophical writing)) Colloquia (Mature (the work that grew through Erasmus's most productive decades and was repeatedly enlarged)) On Learned Ignorance (Mature (the founding work of Cusa's philosophical career, composed at age 39)) The Vision of God (Mature (one of Cusa's most condensed and beautiful late works)) On Conjectures (Mature (the systematic epistemological development of the docta-ignorantia framework)) Opus Tripartitum (Late (Eckhart's most ambitious Latin project, undertaken in the years before the 1326 trial)) Reden der Unterweisung (Early (Eckhart's first major vernacular work, written before the trials of his last decade)) Vom Edlen Menschen (Mature (probably from the Strasbourg years before the trial)) The Dialogue of Divine Providence (Late (composed in Catherine's last two years, in the midst of her efforts to reform the Church and end the Avignon papacy)) Kyōgyōshinshō (Mature) Tannishō (Posthumous (the principal popular source for Shinran's teaching)) Al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya fi'l-Asfar al-'Aqliyya al-Arba'a (Late (the synthesis of his entire mature philosophy)) Seven Valleys and Four Valleys (Early (composed before the 1863 proclamation)) Letters to the Son of the Wolf (Last (less than a year before his 1892 death)) Jōdo Wasan (Late) My Bondage and My Freedom (Mature (Douglass's second autobiography, written after his break with Garrison and the founding of his own newspaper)) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Late (Douglass's third autobiography, covering his post-1855 political career)) The Metaphysics of Modern Existence (Mature (Deloria's most ambitious philosophical work)) Race Matters (Mature (the book that established West as a major public intellectual)) Democracy Matters (Late-mature (the post-9/11 sequel to the 1993 Race Matters)) Short Treatise on God (Early (Spinoza's first systematic presentation of his metaphysics, predating the Ethics)) Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (Early (the work that launched Rousseau's career)) Julie (Mature (the literary high-point of Rousseau's career, between Social Contract and Émile)) Reveries of the Solitary Walker (Last (composed in Rousseau's final two years, after he had retreated from public life)) Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Late (Seneca's last completed major work, composed in retirement)) De Beneficiis (Mid-mature (composed during Seneca's most influential political-philosophical period)) Naturales Quaestiones (Late) De Otio (Late) De Constantia Sapientis (Mid) Pure Lust (Late-mature) Japji Sahib (Mature (Nānak's foundational devotional composition)) Asa Di Var (Mature) Macbeth (Mature) The Tempest (Last (probably Shakespeare's last sole-authored play)) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (Early-mature) The Maine Woods (Mature-late) The American Scholar (Mature) Divinity School Address (Mature) Essays: First Series (Mature) Essays: Second Series (Mature) Representative Men (Mature) Soliloquies (Early) The Christian Faith (Mature) Surprised by Joy (Late-mature) The Allegory of Love (Mature) The Discarded Image (Last) The Black Prince (Mature) A Pluralistic Universe (Late) The World as I See It (Mid-mature) Religion and Science (Mid-mature) Out of My Later Years (Late) Parable of the Sower (Mature) Parable of the Talents (Late-mature) The Immeasurable Equation (Posthumous) Faust I (Mature) Faust II (Last) The Inward Journey (Late-mature) Go Tell It on the Mountain (Early) The Sea of Fertility (Last) The Meaning of the Creative Act (Early-mature) Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life (Late) My Early Life (Mid) The Gathering Storm (Late) Their Finest Hour (Late) A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Late) The Black Unicorn (Mid) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) The Iliad, or the Poem of Force (Late) This Is My Story (Mid) You Learn by Living (Late) Autobiography (Late) Experiments and Observations on Electricity (Mid) Dīvān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (Mature) Fīhi mā Fīhi (Discourses) (Late) Majālis-i Sabʿa (Seven Sermons) (Mature) A Dance of the Forests (Early) Kongi's Harvest (Mid) You Must Set Forth at Dawn (Late) A Confession (Mid) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Late) Resurrection (Late) Ash-Wednesday (Mid) Murder in the Cathedral (Mid) Just As I Am (Late) The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (Late) Atlantis (Mid) Lanquidity (Late) The Magic City (Mid) Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Late) The Synthesis of Yoga (Mature) Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (Late) Asrar-i Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (Mid) Bal-i Jibril (Gabriel's Wing) (Late) Javid Nama (Book of Eternity) (Late) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Early) De Motu (Mid) Siris (Late) Sun and Steel (Late) All About Love (Late) Lectures on Divine Humanity (Mid) The Meaning of Love (Late) We Drink from Our Own Wells (Mid) Dasam Granth (Mature) Jaap Sahib (Mature) Akal Ustat (Mature) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) (Mature) Commentary on John (Mature) Commentary on Wisdom (Mature) Living Faith (Late) Sources of Strength: Meditations on Scripture for a Living Faith (Late) From East to West (Late) Tablet of Ahmad (Mature) Where's the Rest of Me? (Early) RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (Late) In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal (Late) Looking Forward (Mid) Promise Me, Dad (Late) The Hidden God (De Deo Abscondito) (Mid) On the Beryl (De Beryllo) (Mature) On the Not-Other (De Non Aliud) (Late) De Apice Theoriae (Late) Yuishinshō Mon'i (Mature) Kōsō Wasan (Mature) Shōzōmatsu Wasan (Late) The Search for Common Ground (Late) God Is Not a Christian (Late) The Search After Truth (Early-to-mid) Treatise on Nature and Grace (Mid) Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion (Mid-to-late) Treatise on Morality (Mid) On the Problem of Empathy (Early) Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities (Early) The Science of the Cross (Late) Essays on Woman (Mid) The Sign of Jonas (Mid) Zen and the Birds of Appetite (Late) The Asian Journal (Late (final)) Living in Truth (Mid) To the Castle and Back (Late) Janamsakhi traditions (Post-Nānak transmission) Der Ring des Nibelungen (Middle-to-late (career-spanning)) Parsifal (Late (final completed work)) On the Philosophy of Discovery (Late-career capstone) De Trinitatis Erroribus (Early) Dialogorum de Trinitate (Early) Edition of Ptolemy's Geography (Middle) Christianismi Restitutio (Late (final)) A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (Early-career) A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion (Early-career) The Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity (Mid-career) Micrographia (Early-career (career-defining)) An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations (Mid-career) Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva (Mid-career) The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke (Posthumous) Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei (Career-defining) De Potestate Summi Pontificis in Rebus Temporalibus (Late) Letter to Foscarini (Late) De Aeterna Felicitate Sanctorum (Late (devotional)) General Scholium (Late) Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Posthumous) Alchemical and Theological Manuscripts (Career-spanning private work) Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (Late) Perpetual Peace (Late) The Metaphysics of Morals (Late) On Vision and Colors (Early) On the Will in Nature (Middle) The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Late) Gödel's Ontological Argument (Late (private manuscript)) An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Mid-career) Collected Philosophical Papers (Late) The Religion of Man (Late) Gora (Middle) Chitra (Early-to-middle) Dogmatics in Outline (Late-middle) Evangelical Theology (Late) The Barmen Declaration (Middle) Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic (Early) The Nature of Existence (Late) The Analyst (Late) Prophesy Deliverance! (Early) Black Prophetic Fire (Late) The Origin of Russian Communism (Late) The Beginning and the End (Late) Self-Knowledge (Posthumous) The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (Middle) The Serenity Prayer (Middle) Gaudete et Exsultate (Late-middle (papacy)) Let Us Dream (Late-middle) Between Man and Man (Middle-to-late) Two Types of Faith (Late) The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (Early) Bāng-i-Darā (Early-to-middle) The Human Cycle (Middle) The Secret of the Veda (Early-to-middle) Journal of Discourses (Career-spanning) Kitāb al-Mashāʿir (Mature) Al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyya (Mid-to-late) Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (Late) Mind-Energy (Middle) Three Conversations (Final (year of death)) The Sacred Pipe (Late) The Sixth Grandfather (Posthumous (testamentary materials)) Loaves and Fishes (Middle-to-late) Martin & Malcolm & America (Mid-to-late) Republic (fragments) (Early) On Providence (fragments) (Mature) On the Creation of the World On the Life of Moses On Abstinence from Animal Food Hexaemeron (Late) Vulgate (Latin Bible translation) (Mature) On the Natural Faculties The Consolation of Philosophy Sayings and Legal Rulings Ramayana

Schools the coordinates don't place

These schools don't satisfy any stance's coordinate pattern strongly enough to be assigned — either because they decline to commit on the question (Confucianism is famously silent on what comes after; Pyrrhonian and pragmatist traditions suspend judgment), or because their attribute signature crosses categories in a way the five buckets don't capture.

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Experiments engaging the same dimensions as this dilemma — they\'re where the same questions get stress-tested in cleaner cases.

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Historical confrontations where parties argued out questions on these dimensions.

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