Dilemma

Are the dead morally present to the living?

Ancestor veneration, intercession with saints, the moral weight of a promise made to someone now gone — these all presuppose that the dead are present in some sense beyond memory. Whether they are turns on whether an observer is the kind of thing that exists in a single moment or across many.

Context

Across most of human history and most living traditions, the dead have been treated as participants in present life — ancestors to consult, saints to ask for intercession, the founder whose memory still binds the community. Secular modernity has substantially reduced this in the industrialised West, treating the dead as in the past in a stronger sense. The disagreement is partly cultural but rests on a metaphysical question: is the observer bounded to its present moment, or does it span moments in a way that lets a no-longer-living observer still be present?

Why it matters

How a tradition reads the observer's temporal extension determines whether ancestor veneration, intercessory prayer to saints, the moral force of promises made to the now-dead, and the practice of taking inheritance obligations seriously are coherent metaphysical commitments or noble but mistaken sentiments. The same question shapes how a culture treats the dying and the newly bereaved.

The coordinates that split the schools

Observer · Time Instance Whether the observer spans many moments or a single one Observer · Number Whether selves are genuinely distinct, or aspects of one Observer · Metaphysical Agency What kinds of agency beyond natural causation the school recognises

The stances

The dead are present through divine memory, communion of saints, or ancestor presence.

51 schools

On this view, the individual observer is bounded by its own moment in the natural sense, but the dead are not therefore absent: their continuing presence is mediated by something beyond natural causation — a God who holds them in eternal memory, a communion in which past and present saints participate, an ancestral relational fabric that maintains the dead as ongoing participants, or a cosmic ordering that binds past and present together. Ancestor veneration, intercession with saints, prayer for the dead, and filial piety are coherent practices addressing real (if differently-real) participants.

Why these schools land hereThese schools share obs_time_instance=Single + Plural (individual observers are in time, not above it) but have obs_metaphysical_agency in {Personal, Cosmic-ordering, Spirit-relational} — the mechanism that maintains the dead's presence is supernatural or beyond-natural, even though the bare observer is bounded. The cluster combines: Christian traditions with rich practices of intercession (Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, LDS, plus Islamic, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Manichaean, Dvaita); Cosmic-ordering schools with ancestor or sage practices (Confucianism's filial piety, Stoic contemplation of revered figures, Hylomorphism's natural reverence, Sāṃkhya, Jainism, Taoism, Idealism, Panpsychism, Process Philosophy, Transcendentalism, Deep Ecology); plus Spirit-relational schools whose observer is Single-time (Wellness, Shintoism). This is the stance most audit-resolving for Christian schools, which were previously misplaced in 'bounded-now' despite centuries of intercessory practice.

Afrofuturism Anglicanism Anti-Trinitarianism Arminianism Augustinianism Baha'i Faith Biblicism Cartesianism Catholic/Thomistic Catholicism Christian Existentialism Christian Mysticism Christian Personalism Classical Political Economy Confucianism Deep Ecology Deism Dualism Dvaita Vedanta Eastern Orthodox Christianity Evangelical Protestantism Hegelianism Hylomorphism Islamic Philosophy / Falsafa Jainism / Anekantavada Jewish Philosophy (Maimonidean) Kabbalah (Lurianic) LDS / Latter-day Saint Theology Liberal Theology Liberation Theology Lutheranism Manichaeism Methodism Natural Theology Neo-Orthodoxy Newtonianism Occasionalism Philosophy of Religion Process Philosophy Pure Land Buddhism Radical Reformation / Anabaptism Reformed / Calvinist Theology Samkhya Shintoism Sikhism Southern Baptist / Baptist Tradition Stoicism Taoism Thomism Transcendental Thomism Zoroastrianism

Works: Fragments Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi — Inner Chapters Timaeus (Late) Nicomachean Ethics Meditations Meditations on First Philosophy Ethics Critique of Pure Reason The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) The Analects Metaphysics An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Late) The Varieties of Religious Experience De Anima A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (Early) Politics On the Nature of the Gods (Late) Mencius Xunzi I Ching Two Treatises of Government (Late) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Democracy in America How to Make Our Ideas Clear The Human Condition Relativity: The Special and General Theory Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Novum Organum After Virtue Physics Theological-Political Treatise (Early) Opticks (Late) Theaetetus (Late) A Letter Concerning Toleration (Late) Pragmatism (Late) Categories The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Early-to-late (he revised it throughout his life)) On Interpretation Gettysburg Address (Mature (Civil War)) Second Inaugural Address (Late (six weeks before assassination)) Whose Justice? 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(Mid-late (the second of the After Virtue trilogy)) The Problem of Pain (Mid (post-conversion, pre-Narnia)) Discourse on the Method (Mid (1637, in mature middle age; preceding the Meditations of 1641)) Theodicy (Late) A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (Mid (Northampton pastorate; the major work of evangelical reflection)) Divine Comedy: Inferno (Late (Dante's exile years)) A Plain Account of Christian Perfection (Late) I and Thou (Mid (the foundational statement of dialogical philosophy)) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Late (the mature systematic philosophy)) Works of Love (Late (after the pseudonymous works; the major direct theological work)) Essays: First Series (Mid (Emerson at the peak of his powers)) The Will to Believe (Mid (between Principles of Psychology and Varieties of Religious Experience)) The Nature and Destiny of Man (Mid-late (Niebuhr's major systematic work)) Dependent Rational Animals (Late (the explicit Thomist completion of the After Virtue trilogy)) Life Together (Mid (between the Cost of Discipleship and the prison theology)) The Sovereignty of Good (Mid (her major philosophical statement, alongside Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals 1992)) The Epistle to the Romans (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Social Contract (Late (after the two Discourses; the political conclusion of Rousseau's mature thought)) Monologion (Early (Anselm's first major work, before the Proslogion)) Otherwise than Being (Late (the more radical successor to Totality and Infinity, 1961)) The Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Early (Erasmus's first major work)) Ideas and Opinions (Late (the most comprehensive single-volume collection)) Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (Late (third volume of the After Virtue trilogy)) Letter from Birmingham Jail (Mid (the canonical theological-political document)) Strength to Love (Mid (the major collection of sermons)) The Need for Roots (Posthumous) Sanctorum Communio (Earliest (Bonhoeffer's dissertation at age 21)) Love and Responsibility (Early (his major pre-papal work; drawn from pastoral and academic teaching)) The Acting Person (Mid (his major academic-philosophical work, before his 1978 papal election)) Hind Swaraj (Early (the founding text of Gandhi's mature political-philosophical vision)) Mishneh Torah (Mid (the major legal work, between the early Commentary on the Mishnah and the late Guide of the Perplexed)) Sister Outsider (Mid (the major prose collection of Lorde's career)) Tales of the Hasidim (Late (Buber's mature engagement with the Hasidic tradition)) A Black Theology of Liberation (Early (the systematic founding text of the field)) The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Late (Cone's major late book)) Gitanjali (Mid (the Nobel-winning collection)) Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (Mid (the major philosophical prose statement)) No Future Without Forgiveness (Late (the major reflective work after the TRC)) Crime and Punishment (Mid (the first of Dostoevsky's great late novels)) The Idiot (Mid (after Crime and Punishment, before Demons and Karamazov)) Demons (Mid-late (the third of the four great novels)) Moral Man and Immoral Society (Early-mid (Niebuhr's breakthrough book that established Christian realism)) The Irony of American History (Late (Niebuhr's major Cold War political-theological book)) Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Late (Berlin lectures of the 1820s, his mature mature)) Lectures on Aesthetics (Late (Berlin lectures)) Liber Divinorum Operum (Late (the culmination of her visionary trilogy)) On Christian Doctrine (Mid-late (composed across three decades)) Time and the Other (Early (the breakthrough early work, before Totality and Infinity)) Difficult Freedom (Mid (alongside Totality and Infinity)) Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (Late (Berlin lectures)) De Brevitate Vitae (Mid) De Providentia (Late) Prior and Posterior Analytics On the Heavens Parisian Questions (Mid-late) Discourse on Metaphysics (Mid (Leibniz's breakthrough philosophical statement)) New Essays on Human Understanding (Late) Praise of Folly (Mid (Erasmus's most widely read book)) Adagia (Long (composed across Erasmus's entire mature career)) Psychological Types (Mid (the major systematic work after his 1912-13 break with Freud)) Modern Man in Search of a Soul (Mid-late (mature systematic statement)) Hamlet (Mid (mature middle period)) King Lear (Mid-late (the major tragedies)) Kitáb-i-Íqán (Mid (pre-declaration in 1863)) Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Late (the major late doctrinal-legal book)) What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (Mid (Douglass at the height of his oratorical powers)) Ninety-Five Theses (Early (the founding act of the Reformation)) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Early (1520, foundational year)) Convivio (Mid (early years of exile, preceding the Comedy)) Tahāfut al-Tahāfut (Mid-late (Averroes's major systematic philosophical defence)) A Time for Choosing (Early (launched Reagan's political career)) Tear Down This Wall (Late (Reagan presidency at its rhetorical peak)) A Vindication of the Rights of Men (Early (preceding the more famous 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman)) Faust, Part I (Mid (composed across Goethe's career; Part I the major mid-career work)) The Power of the Powerless (Mid (Havel as principal Charter 77 dissident)) First Inaugural Address (Mid (the inauguration after twelve years of Republican presidency)) Parerga and Paralipomena (Late) Provincial Letters (Late) Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Early) Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Late) 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Matter and Memory (Matière et Mémoire) (Mid) Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt) (Early) The Christian Faith (Der christliche Glaube) (Late) Biographia Literaria (Mid) Preface to Lyrical Ballads (Early) A Confession (Ispoved') (Late) Leaves of Grass (Late) Faust, Part Two (Faust: Der Tragödie zweiter Teil) (Late) Warranted Christian Belief (Late) Climate and Culture (Fūdo: ningengakuteki kōsatsu) (Mid) Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Late) Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza (Mid) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Late) The Justification of the Good (Opravdanie dobra) (Late) The Destiny of Man (O naznachenii cheloveka) (Mid) Athens and Jerusalem (Athènes et Jérusalem) (Late) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Essai sur la théologie mystique de l'Église d'Orient) (Mid) Freedom of the Will (Late) An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Mid) Orthodoxy (Mid) Mere Christianity (Mid) Notes 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The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview (Late (Nishida's final completed essay, written months before his death)) Translations and commentaries on Aristotle's Categories (Mature (the late translation programme Boethius announced and partly completed before his death)) Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178)) Modern Moral Philosophy (Mature (the journal paper that reshaped Anglophone moral philosophy)) Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Late (Murdoch's longest and most ambitious philosophical book, published nine years after the Gifford Lectures)) The Bell (Early-mature (Murdoch's fourth novel, the first to establish her mature manner)) An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution (Late (Wollstonecraft's last completed major non-fiction work, three years before her death)) Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Early (Wollstonecraft's first 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Roman regency, unfinished at Aquinas's death)) Colloquia (Mature (the work that grew through Erasmus's most productive decades and was repeatedly enlarged)) De Libero Arbitrio (Late (the treatise that publicly broke the Erasmus-Luther alliance, written after seven years of pressure for Erasmus to declare his position)) Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mature (the work that established Erasmus's international reputation and reshaped biblical scholarship)) On Learned Ignorance (Mature (the founding work of Cusa's philosophical career, composed at age 39)) The Vision of God (Mature (one of Cusa's most condensed and beautiful late works)) On Conjectures (Mature (the systematic epistemological development of the docta-ignorantia framework)) Anti-Pelagian writings (Late (Augustine's last great theological controversy, occupying the final two decades of his life)) The Dialogue of Divine Providence (Late (composed in Catherine's last two years, in the midst of her efforts to reform the Church and end the Avignon papacy)) Physica and Causae et Curae (Mid-mature (Hildegard's middle period, between her three major visionary works)) Against Marcion (Mature (Tertullian's longest and most systematic work)) On the Resurrection of the Flesh (Mature (one of Tertullian's longest and most carefully argued treatises)) Kyōgyōshinshō (Mature) Tannishō (Posthumous (the principal popular source for Shinran's teaching)) Al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya fi'l-Asfar al-'Aqliyya al-Arba'a (Late (the synthesis of his entire mature philosophy)) al-Kashf ʿan Manāhij al-Adilla (Mature) Letters to the Son of the Wolf (Last (less than a year before his 1892 death)) Jōdo Wasan (Late) My Bondage and My Freedom (Mature (Douglass's second autobiography, written after his break with Garrison and the founding of his own newspaper)) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Late (Douglass's third autobiography, covering his post-1855 political career)) Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (Mature (composed at the height of the developing controversy with Rome)) Custer Died for Your Sins (Mature (Deloria's breakthrough book, written at 36)) The Metaphysics of Modern Existence (Mature (Deloria's most ambitious philosophical work)) Race Matters (Mature (the book that established West as a major public intellectual)) The American Evasion of Philosophy (Mature (West's major work of intellectual history, written before the Race Matters celebrity)) Democracy Matters (Late-mature (the post-9/11 sequel to the 1993 Race Matters)) Dictionnaire philosophique (Late (composed during the Ferney years)) Traité sur la tolérance (Late (the campaign-treatise of the Ferney period)) Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Mid (the work that established Voltaire as a public intellectual of European reach)) Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (Early (Spinoza's first major philosophical project, left incomplete as the Ethics took shape)) Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (Early (Spinoza's first published 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Observations (Mid-career) Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva (Mid-career) The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke (Posthumous) Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei (Career-defining) De Potestate Summi Pontificis in Rebus Temporalibus (Late) Letter to Foscarini (Late) De Aeterna Felicitate Sanctorum (Late (devotional)) General Scholium (Late) Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Posthumous) Alchemical and Theological Manuscripts (Career-spanning private work) Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (Late) Perpetual Peace (Late) The Metaphysics of Morals (Late) On the Prescription of Heretics (Pre-Montanist) On the Flesh of Christ (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) Parts of Animals (Middle) Gödel's Ontological Argument (Late (private manuscript)) An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Mid-career) Collected Philosophical Papers (Late) The Religion of Man (Late) Gora (Middle) Chitra (Early-to-middle) The Adolescent (Late) A Writer's Diary (Late) Dogmatics in Outline (Late-middle) Evangelical Theology (Late) The Barmen Declaration (Middle) Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic (Early) The Nature of Existence (Late) On the Virgin Conception and Original Sin (Late) The Aims of the Philosophers (Middle) The Niche of Lights (Late) The Analyst (Late) Prophesy Deliverance! (Early) Black Prophetic Fire (Late) The Origin of Russian Communism (Late) The Beginning and the End (Late) Self-Knowledge (Posthumous) The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (Middle) The Serenity Prayer (Middle) Gaudete et Exsultate (Late-middle (papacy)) Let Us Dream (Late-middle) Sonnets (Career-spanning) Between Man and Man (Middle-to-late) Two Types of Faith (Late) The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (Early) Bāng-i-Darā (Early-to-middle) Redemptor Hominis (Early (papacy)) Memory and Identity (Final) Journal of Discourses (Career-spanning) Act and Being (Early) What Is Art? (Late) The Moment (Final (year of death)) Factory Journal (Middle) Letter to a Priest (Final) Three Conversations (Final (year of death)) Loaves and Fishes (Middle-to-late) Martin & Malcolm & America (Mid-to-late) On the Soul (Mid-to-late (Montanist period)) Decision Points (Late (post-presidency)) Sermons (Career-spanning (Geneva preaching)) Republic (fragments) (Early) Logical Investigations (fragments) (Mature) On Providence (fragments) (Mature) On the Creation of the World On the Life of Moses Against Celsus On Abstinence from Animal Food Memorabilia Stromateis (Miscellanies) Against Heresies Hexaemeron (Late) Life of Moses (Late) Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew De Officiis Ministrorum (Late) Hymn to Zeus Fragments (Reconstructed) On the Natural Faculties The Consolation of Philosophy Sayings and Legal Rulings Arthashastra Thirukkural

Where this stance leads ⓘ

Observers span moments; the dead are present in a real (not merely metaphorical) way.

25 schools

On this view, an observer is not located at a single moment but extends across moments. The dead, on this signature, are not gone — they are elsewhere on the same trans-temporal structure that you yourself occupy. Ancestor veneration, intercession with saints, the moral weight of promises to the dead are coherent practices addressing real participants.

Why these schools land hereThe spans-moments cluster — Eternalism, Multiverse Theory, Quantum Realism, Panpsychism, Transhumanism, Dataism, plus the ancestral-temporal indigenous schools (Animism, ATR, Ubuntu, Afrofuturism) plus Hermeticism (with its supratemporal mysticism) — shares the structural commitment that the observer's existence is not bound to a single now. The traditions differ on what the trans-temporal extension is (block-universe, branches, ancestral presence, divine memory) but agree that the dead are participants, not absences. Note that Eastern Orthodox Christianity — long the paradigm of communion-of-saints — is now placed in moral-presence-mediated rather than here, because its observer is read as Single-time in the atlas while its communion practice runs through divine agency. Functionally similar; structurally distinct.

Works: The Bhagavad Gita The Dhammapada The Republic Confessions (Early) Summa Theologiae On the Bondage of the Will Institutes of the Christian Religion (Late) Pensées Phenomenology of Spirit (Early) Fear and Trembling (Early) Being and Time (Early) Mere Christianity The New Testament The Quran Phaedo City of God (Late) The Consolation of Philosophy Proslogion The Guide of the Perplexed Yoga Sutras Process and Reality (Late) Letters and Papers from Prison (Late) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Late) Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Metaphysics of The Book of Healing (Late) An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (Late) Symposium Monadology (Late) Fides et Ratio (Late) Apology (Early) Phaedrus (Late) Abhidharmakośa Visuddhimagga The Heart Sutra On the Trinity (Late) Summa Contra Gentiles (Early) The Mystical Theology Revelations of Divine Love The Imitation of Christ Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Late) The Incoherence of the Philosophers The Zohar Critique of Practical Reason (Late) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Critique of Judgment (Late) The Sickness Unto Death (Late) Either/Or (Early) What Is Metaphysics? (Early) Totality and Infinity (Early) Concluding Unscientific Postscript On Free Choice of the Will (Early) Meno (Early) The Courage to Be The Abolition of Man Commentary on Romans (Early) The Brothers Karamazov (Late) Crito (Early) Laws (Latest) Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Late) On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Early) The Cost of Discipleship (Early) Cur Deus Homo (Late) The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Late (post-crisis)) The Gay Science (Middle (between Daybreak and Zarathustra)) The History of Sexuality (Late (his last major project)) Adventures of Ideas (Late (Whitehead's last major book)) Zhuangzi The Perennial Philosophy (Late (Huxley's mature spiritual-philosophical synthesis)) The Doors of Perception (Late) Science and the Modern World (Mid (the major statement of philosophical-cultural critique, preceding the technical metaphysics of Process and Reality)) The Concept of Nature (Early-mid (preceding Science and the Modern World, 1925)) Madness and Civilization (Early (Foucault's breakthrough work, his doctoral dissertation)) The Birth of the Clinic (Early-mid (between Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things)) The Archaeology of Knowledge (Mid (methodological transition between archaeological and genealogical phases)) On Nature (Fragments) Mrs Dalloway (Mid (the first major modernist novel of Woolf's maturity)) To the Lighthouse (Mid (Woolf at the height of her powers)) Tristes Tropiques (Mid (Lévi-Strauss's most widely read book)) Essays in Zen Buddhism (Mid (Suzuki's major early period of Western dissemination)) Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early (Suzuki's first major book; preceding the Essays in Zen Buddhism by twenty years)) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid (the major play of Soyinka's career)) The Savage Mind (Mid (the systematic statement of structural anthropology)) Structural Anthropology (Mid (the methodological consolidation)) The Waste Land (Mid (the canonical modernist poem)) The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Late (the mature systematic statement of archetypal psychology)) It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum (Late) A Cyborg Manifesto (Mid) Staying with the Trouble (Late) Beloved (Mid (the Pulitzer-winning major novel)) The Sea of Fertility (Late (the major late work, completed the day of his 1970 ritual suicide)) Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist (Late) Zen and Japanese Culture (Late) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) Psychology and Alchemy (Late) Island (Late) Mystics and Zen Masters (Late) Symbols of Transformation (Early (the 1912 break-from-Freud book; revised in 1952 as the mature statement of analytical psychology's mythopoeic register)) Guru Granth Sahib The Odu Ifá Corpus Reality+ (Late (Chalmers's major popular-and-technical synthesis on virtual reality and the simulation hypothesis)) Snow Crash (Mid) The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Mid) Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics (Early) Black Quantum Futurism: Theory and Practice (Late) More Brilliant than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction (Mid) Space Is the Place (Mid) Food of the Gods (Late) Realms of the Human Unconscious (Mid) An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution to Einstein's Field Equations (Mature (the Princeton period — Gödel's only published paper in general relativity)) De Re Publica (Mid-mature (Cicero's political philosophical synthesis, composed during the breakdown of the late Republic)) Against Praxeas (Late (composed in Tertullian's Montanist period but with orthodox Trinitarian content)) Ocean of Reasoning (Mature (Tsongkhapa's major philosophical-Madhyamaka work)) Orlando (Mature) The Waves (Mature) The Black Prince (Mature) Eyeless in Gaza (Mid-mature) Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (Mid-mature) The Immeasurable Equation (Posthumous) Faust II (Last) Go Tell It on the Mountain (Early) The Sea of Fertility (Last) Death and the King's Horseman (Mid) Myth, Literature and the African World (Mid) Brahma-Sūtra-Bhāṣya (Mature) Mahābhārata-Tātparya-Nirṇaya (Mature) Viṣṇu-Tattva-Nirṇaya (Mature) Tattvodyota (Mature) A Dance of the Forests (Early) Atlantis (Mid) Lanquidity (Late) The Magic City (Mid) Sun Ra Discography (Late) Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (Late) Essays on the Gita (Mature) Javid Nama (Book of Eternity) (Late) The Ancestor's Tale (Late) Pali Canon: Abhidhamma Pitaka (Early-Mid) Isis Unveiled (Early) The Secret Doctrine (Mature) Old Tales Retold (Gushi Xinbian) (Late) Shōzōmatsu Wasan (Late) The Arminian Magazine (Late) Theological Investigations (Mid-to-late) Essays on Woman (Mid) The Memorandum (Early) Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer (Early) The Fabric of Reality (Mid) The Beginning of Infinity (Late) Janamsakhi traditions (Post-Nānak transmission) Euthyphro (Early) Statesman (Late) Critias (Late) De Institutione Musica (On Music) (Early) De Institutione Arithmetica (On Arithmetic) (Early) Theological Tractates (Opuscula Sacra) (Mid-to-late) The Human Cycle (Middle) The Secret of the Veda (Early-to-middle) Shibun Yōryō (Early) Naobi no Mitama (Middle) Kojiki-den (Late (career-spanning)) Etz Chayim (Posthumous (transmission)) Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim (Posthumous (transmission)) Brahma-siddhi (Mature) Vidhi-viveka (Mature) Bhāvanā-viveka (Mature) Viṃśatikā (Mature (post-conversion to Mahāyāna)) Triṃśikā (Mature) Essence of Eloquence on the Interpretable and Definitive Meanings (Late-mature) In Praise of Dependent Origination (Early-mature) Kitāb al-Mashāʿir (Mature) Al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyya (Mid-to-late) Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (Late) Mind-Energy (Middle) You Are Not a Gadget (Early (public-philosophical career)) Who Owns the Future? (Middle (public-philosophical career)) Dawn of the New Everything (Middle-to-late) The Arcades Project (Career-spanning (unfinished)) Berlin Childhood Around 1900 (Middle (composed during exile)) The Sacred Pipe (Late) The Sixth Grandfather (Posthumous (testamentary materials)) Letters (Career-spanning) Vulgate (Latin Bible translation) (Mature) Ramayana

Where this stance leads ⓘ

Observers are bounded by their own moment, and no further agency makes the dead present.

42 schools

On this view, an observer exists only while it is the kind of process it is. When the process ends, the observer is no longer present — only the memories of others, the consequences of past actions, the historical residue. Treating the dead as morally present is a useful practice for the living; it isn't a description of what the dead are doing.

Why these schools land hereThese schools share obs_time_instance=Single + Plural with obs_metaphysical_agency=None: the bare observer is in time, and there is no further agency beyond natural causation that could maintain the dead's presence. The cluster is the naturalist core of the atlas — Naturalism, Realism, Determinism, Empiricism, Logical Positivism, Pragmatism, Phenomenology, Buddhism (no creator-God, anatta), Existentialism, Constructivism, Postmodernism, Analytic Metaphysics, Critical Realism, OOO, Simulation Theory, KTI, and others. They can value memorialisation and historical inheritance highly while denying that the dead are themselves agentively present to the living.

Absurdism Analytic Metaphysics / Logical Atomism Analytic Philosophy Atomism Constructivism Continental Philosophy Cosmopolitanism Critical Realism Dataism / Information Ontology Determinism Dialectical Materialism Effective Altruism Empiricism Epicureanism Existentialism Kantian Transcendental Idealism Logical Positivism Marxism Mechanism Modal Realism Naturalism Neutral Monism Nihilism Nominalism Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) Phenomenalism Phenomenology Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Science Postmodernism Pragmatic Realism Pragmatism Presentism Pyrrhonism Realism Relationalism Simulation Theory Social Contract Theory Social Democracy Transhumanism / Posthumanism Virtual Realism

Works: Letter to Menoeceus An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Late) On the Origin of Species Thus Spoke Zarathustra The Myth of Sisyphus Being and Nothingness Philosophical Investigations (Late) Leviathan Capital, Volume I (Late) On Liberty The Second Sex Utilitarianism The Communist Manifesto (Early) A Theory of Justice Letter on Humanism (Late) Outlines of Pyrrhonism De Cive (Early) A Treatise of Human Nature (Early) Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Late) Theses on Feuerbach (Early) The Problems of Philosophy (Early) The Foundations of Arithmetic Experience and Nature (Late) Phenomenology of Perception The Order of Things Of Grammatology On Certainty (Latest) Physics and Philosophy The Selfish Gene The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The Open Society and Its Enemies On the Genealogy of Morality (Late) A History of Western Philosophy (Late) Theory of Communicative Action Discipline and Punish (Late) Existentialism Is a Humanism The Natural History of Religion (Late) Political Liberalism (Late) Two Dogmas of Empiricism Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Early) Beyond Good and Evil (Late) The Birth of Tragedy (Early) The Ethics of Ambiguity (Early) The Subjection of Women (Late) The Rebel (Late) The Question Concerning Technology (Late) Principia Mathematica (Early (both authors)) Why I Am Not a Christian (Mid-late) Logical Investigations (Early (the breakthrough work that founds phenomenology)) Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology (Mid (the transcendental turn)) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Mid-late (after The Human Condition, before The Life of the Mind)) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Mid (the breakthrough book)) The Origins of Totalitarianism (Mid (Arendt's breakthrough book)) On Revolution (Late (after Eichmann in Jerusalem)) The Copernican Revolution (Early (Kuhn's first book)) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Early (the breakthrough work)) The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Early (the most ambitious early work, before the Arcades Project)) Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Mid (between the First Discourse and the Social Contract)) The Principles of Psychology (Mid (the major early work; foundational for both psychology and pragmatist philosophy)) The Plague (Mid (between The Stranger and The Rebel)) Brave New World (Mid (Huxley's breakthrough novel)) No Exit (Mid (alongside Being and Nothingness)) Critique of Dialectical Reason (Late (Sartre's major late philosophical work)) Principles of Political Economy (Mid (Mill's major economic work)) A System of Logic (Early (Mill's first major book, the foundation of his philosophical reputation)) The Interpretation of Dreams (Early (the founding work of psychoanalysis)) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Early-mid (after the Interpretation of Dreams)) Reason, Truth and History (Mid (the major mid-career book, the systematic statement of internal realism)) Tradition and the Individual Talent (Early (Eliot's major early critical statement)) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Early) An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Mid-late) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Mid) Achieving Our Country (Late) Representation and Reality (Mid) Gravitation (Mid-late) Playing in the Dark (Mid-late) Writing and Difference (Early) Word and Object (Mid) Civilization and Its Discontents (Late) The Future of an Illusion (Late) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Late) Dialectic of Enlightenment (Mid) Negative Dialectics (Late) Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (Mid) Eclipse of Reason (Mid) One-Dimensional Man (Late) Eros and Civilization (Mid) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Late) The Wretched of the Earth (Late) Black Skin, White Masks (Early) Knowledge and Human Interests (Early) Between Facts and Norms (Late) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Mid) Gender Trouble (Early) Bodies That Matter (Early) Orientalism (Mid) Culture and Imperialism (Late) Can the Subaltern Speak? (Mid) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Early) Democracy and Education (Mid) Art as Experience (Late) The Quest for Certainty (Late) The Fixation of Belief (Early) The Elementary Structures of Kinship (Early (Lévi-Strauss's breakthrough work; the foundation of structural anthropology)) The Conscious Mind (Early (Chalmers's breakthrough book, derived from his 1993 Indiana PhD)) Tool-Being (Early (Harman's breakthrough work, derived from his 1999 DePaul PhD)) On the Plurality of Worlds (Late (Lewis's mature systematic statement of the modal-realist programme)) Time and Modality (Early (Prior's first major synthesis of tense logic, derived from his 1955-56 Oxford Locke Lectures)) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Early) Conjectures and Refutations (Mid) The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Late) Against Method (Mid) The Logical Syntax of Language (Mid) Aspects of Scientific Explanation (Mid) The Uses of Argument (Early) Patterns of Discovery (Early) The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Mid) Essays on Actions and Events (Mid) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Mid) Naming and Necessity (Mid) Counterfactuals (Early) Mind and World (Late) Making It Explicit (Mid) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Mid) Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (Early) Truth and Other Enigmas (Mid) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Mid) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Early) Spheres of Justice (Mid) Two Concepts of Liberty (Mid) The Hedgehog and the Fox (Mid) The Concept of the Political (Mid) Inquiry on the Great Learning (Daxue Wen) (Late) Zhuzi Yulei (Conversations of Master Zhu, Arranged Topically) (Late) The Feminine Mystique (Late) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Mid) Frontiers of Justice (Late) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Mid) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (Mid) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (Mid) Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Late) Isagoge (Introduction to Aristotle's Categories) (Late) Adversus Mathematicos (Against the Mathematicians / Professors) (Late) The Prince (Il Principe) (Late) Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio) (Late) The Spirit of the Laws (De l'esprit des lois) (Late) Candide (Candide, ou l'Optimisme) (Late) Consciousness Explained (Mid) The Construction of Social Reality (Late) Speech Acts (Early) The View from Nowhere (Mid) An Essay on Free Will (Mid) On Bullshit (Late) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Late) The Philosophy of Philosophy (Late) Écrits (Mid) The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (Late) Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (Pouvoirs de l'horreur) (Mid) Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum, de l'autre femme) (Mid) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Late) Philosophy of Liberation (Filosofía de la Liberación) (Mid) Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana) (Mid) The Idea of Latin America (Late) Toward the African Revolution (Late) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency (Après la finitude) (Late) Silent Spring (Late) A Sand County Almanac (Late) Critique of Cynical Reason (Kritik der zynischen Vernunft) (Mid) The End of History and the Last Man (Mid) The Emperor's New Mind (Late) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Mid) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (Mid) Ways of Worldmaking (Late) The Claim of Reason (Mid) Natural Goodness (Late) Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Mid) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Late) The Many Faces of Realism (Mid) The Social Construction of What? (Late) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Mid) The Souls of Black Folk (Mid) Mind, Self, and Society (Late) The Education of Henry Adams (Late) A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Mid) Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (Dongxi wenhua ji qi zhexue) (Early) The Importance of Living (Mid) The First and Last Freedom (Mid) Women, Race & Class (Mid) Black Feminist Thought (Mid) Don Quixote (El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) (Late) Gulliver's Travels (Late) Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot) (Mid) Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili) (Mid) A Vision (Late) Begriffsschrift (Early) On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Early) The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Mid) Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre) (Mid) The Science of Mechanics (Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung) (Mid) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (La Théorie physique: son objet, sa structure) (Late) Science and Hypothesis (La Science et l'hypothèse) (Late) The Philosophy of Space and Time (Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre) (Mid) Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Mid) The Essential Tension (Late) The Trial (Der Process) (Late) Ulysses (Mid) A Room of One's Own (Late) Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann) (Mid) The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) (Late) Middlemarch (Late) Collected Poems (Late) 1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (Late) The Language Instinct (Late) Syntactic Structures (Early) Metaphors We Live By (Late) Animal Liberation (Mid) Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Late) Escape from Freedom (Mid) The Sociological Imagination (Mid) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Mid) The Social Construction of Reality (Mid) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (La Distinction) (Mid) The Culture of Narcissism (Late) Liquid Modernity (Late) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Late) The Fall of Public Man (Mid) The Life of the Mind (Late) The Sublime Object of Ideology (Mid) A Brief History of Time (Late) Full Catastrophe Living (Late) The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Late) The Black Swan (Late) If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (Mid) The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) (Late) The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy (Mid) Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Le Capital au XXIe siècle) (Late) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Late) An Essay on the Principle of Population (Late) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Late) The Methods of Ethics (Late) Principia Ethica (Early) Language, Truth, and Logic (Early) The Concept of Mind (Mid) How to Do Things with Words (Late) The Blue and Brown Books (Mid) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Late) The Division of Labor in Society (Early) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mid) Economy and Society (Late) The Philosophy of Money (Mid) Development as Freedom (Late) On Sense and Reference (Mid) Intentionality (Mid) The Language of Thought (Mid) The Sources of Normativity (Mid) Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Late) The Struggle for Recognition (Mid) What Is Life? (Late) Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Late) A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Mid) Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Late) The Growth of Biological Thought (Late) Wonderful Life (Late) The Double Helix (Mid) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Late) The Character of Physical Law (Mid) Traité élémentaire de chimie (Late) The Order of Time (Late) Descartes' Error (Late) On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Mid) A Doll's House (Mid) The Cherry Orchard (Late) Disgrace (Late) History of the Peloponnesian War (Early) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Late) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Late) Prison Notebooks (Late) History and Class Consciousness (Mid) The State and Revolution (Late) Course in General Linguistics (Late) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Late) The Road to Serfdom (Mid) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Late) The Interpretation of Cultures (Late) The Logic of Practice (Late) The Construction of Reality in the Child (Mid) Thought and Language (Mid) The Mind of Primitive Man (Late) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Mid) Childhood and Society (Mid) Motivation and Personality (Mid) Attachment and Loss (Late) Envy and Gratitude (Late) Foundations of Geometry (Mid) The Dispossessed (Late) Mother Courage and Her Children (Late) The German Ideology (Early) The Poetics of Space (Late) On Photography (Late) Ways of Seeing (Late) Studies in Iconology (Late) The Story of Art (Mid) The Great Gatsby (Mid) Foundation (Mid) My Brilliant Friend (Late) Gravity's Rainbow (Mid) Canto General (Mid) Hopscotch (Mid) 2666 (Late) Decolonising the Mind (Late) Proof of an External World (Late) Sense and Sensibilia (Late) The Analysis of Mind (Mid) The Analysis of Matter (Mid) The Analysis of Sensations (Mid) Scientific Thought (Mid) A Realist Theory of Science (Mid) The Possibility of Naturalism (Mid) Anti-Duhring (Late) Fathers and Sons (Mid) A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (Late) A New Kind of Science (Mid) Homo Deus (Late) The Singularity Is Near (Late) Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? (Mid) Realism with a Human Face (Late) Hyperobjects (Late) The Quadruple Object (Late) The Structure of Objects (Mid) Things and Their Parts (Mid) Writing the Book of the World (Mid) The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement (Mid) Capital (Late) The Structure of the World (Late) The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Late (Husserl's last work, written in Freiburg under Nazi proscription)) The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme)) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late (Næss's closing popular statement, written at 86)) Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now (Mature (Lanier's short polemical follow-up to Who Owns the Future?, 2013, and Dawn of the New Everything, 2017)) Duration and Simultaneity (Mature (the disastrous engagement with Einstein that damaged Bergson's standing among physicists)) Laughter (Early-mature (between Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution)) The Fragility of Goodness (Mature (the book that established Nussbaum as a major figure)) Upheavals of Thought (Late-mature (Nussbaum's magnum opus, eight years in the writing after the Gifford Lectures)) On Violence (Late (Arendt's most-cited short political essay, written in response to the 1968 student movements)) Men in Dark Times (Late (collected from essays spanning more than a decade)) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Mature (Kripke's second major book after Naming and Necessity, 1980)) On What Matters (Late (Parfit's final, three-decade-in-the-making work — his second after Reasons and Persons, 1984)) Convention: A Philosophical Study (Early (Lewis's first book, published at 28, the year he began at UCLA)) Sidereus Nuncius (Early-mid (the breakthrough that established Galileo's international reputation)) The Assayer (Mature (composed during the brief honeymoon between Galileo and the new Pope Urban VIII)) Political Treatise (Late (Spinoza's last work, left incomplete at his death)) Rhetoric (Mature) Poetics (Mature) Topics (Mid-mature) Historia Animalium (Mature) On Generation and Corruption (Mature) The Mandarins (Mature) Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (Mature) Old Age (Late-mature) A Very Easy Death (Late) Three Guineas (Late) Between the Acts (Last) Gyn/Ecology (Mature) Politics and Conscience (Mature (composed during Havel's dissident period before the 1989 Velvet Revolution)) Disturbing the Peace (Late-dissident (composed three years before the Velvet Revolution)) Summer Meditations (Late (the first major post-1989 reflection on the transition from dissidence to governance)) Othello (Mature) Antony and Cleopatra (Mature) Measure for Measure (Mature) Resistance to Civil Government (Mature) Translation of Plato's dialogues (Mature) Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Early) The Sea, The Sea (Late-mature) Essays in Radical Empiricism (Late posthumous) Some Remarks on Logical Form (Transitional) Brave New World Revisited (Late) The Descent of Man (Mature) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Late) Journal of Researches (Early) The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (Last) The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (Mature) The Born-Einstein Letters (Mature-late) Letter to Herodotus (Mature) Principal Doctrines (Mature) Theory of Colors (Mature) Italian Journey (Late-mature retrospective) Notes of a Native Son (Mid-mature) Giovanni's Room (Mid-mature) A Madman's Diary (Mid-mature) The True Story of Ah Q (Mature) Consequences of Pragmatism (Mid) Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth (Mid) Judgment Under Uncertainty (Mid) Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (Late) Words and Life (Late) Choices, Values, and Frames (Mid) Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam (Late) Quantum Theory and Measurement (Mid) A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime (Late) Quantum: The Search for Links (Late) A Burst of Light (Late) The Bluest Eye (Mid) Primate Visions (Mid) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (Mid) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™ (Late) When Species Meet (Late) Laboratory Life (Early) Science in Action (Mid) An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (Late) Reflections on the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression (Early) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Late) Tomorrow Is Now (Late) The Open Sore of a Continent (Late) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Mid) 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (Mid) Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks (Late) Sapiens: A Graphic History (Late) Formal Logic (Early) Past, Present and Future (Mature) Papers on Time and Tense (Late) Objects of Thought (Late) The Great World-System (Megas Diakosmos) (Mature) On the Mind (Mature) On Forms (Peri Ideōn) (Mature) Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman (Late) Cosmos (Mid) Pale Blue Dot (Late) The Dragons of Eden (Mid) The Demon-Haunted World (Late) Quantum Theory (Early) Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (Mid) The Undivided Universe (Late) On the Postcolony (Mid) Critique of Black Reason (Late) Necropolitics (Mature) Brutalism (Late) The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Mature) The Blind Watchmaker (Mid) The Extended Phenotype (Mid) The God Delusion (Late) Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Early) Teaching to Transgress (Mid) The Will to Change (Late) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) (Mature) Der Gedanke (The Thought) (Late) Posthumous Writings (Posthumous) Function and Concept (Mature) The Raw and the Cooked (Mature) From Honey to Ashes (Mature) The Origin of Table Manners (Mature) The Naked Man (Late) The Mind and its Place in Nature (Mid) Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy (Mature) Five Types of Ethical Theory (Mid) West India Emancipation (Mid) The Audacity of Hope (Mid) A Promised Land (Late) 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (Early) Rivonia Trial Statement (Mid) Inaugural Address (Late) Letters from Prison (Mid) Academica (Academic Skepticism) (Mature) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (Mature) al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (Canon of Medicine) (Mature) Essay on Conic Sections (Early) Pascal-Fermat Correspondence on Probability (Mid) De l'Esprit Géométrique (Mid) Practical Ethics (Mid) How Are We to Live? (Mid) The Expanding Circle (Mid) The Life You Can Save (Late) Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Early) The Principles of Mathematics (Early) Our Knowledge of the External World (Mid) Mysticism and Logic (Mid) Human, All Too Human (Mid) Daybreak (Mid) Untimely Meditations (Early) Studies on Hysteria (Early) Totem and Taboo (Mid) The Ego and the Id (Late) Moses and Monotheism (Late) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Mature) Capital, Volume II (Late) Capital, Volume III (Late) Grundrisse (Mature) Pali Canon: Sutta Pitaka (Early) Pali Canon: Vinaya Pitaka (Early) Dhammapada (Early) Bloodchild and Other Stories (Mid) Anthropic Bias (Early) Global Catastrophic Risks (Mid) Red Earth, White Lies (Late) Evolution, Creationism, and Other Modern Myths (Late) Interpretation and Preciseness (Mid) Reclaiming Reality (Mid) Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom (Late) Reagan, In His Own Hand (Mid) The Real War (Late) A World Transformed (Late) Thousand Points of Light (Mid) Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (Late) Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (Early) De Corpore (Late) De Homine (Late) Behemoth (Late) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Early) The Universe in a Nutshell (Mid) The Grand Design (Late) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (Late) Call to Arms (Nahan) (Mid) The Poverty of Historicism (Mid-career) Objective Knowledge (Late) Plato's Dialectical Ethics (Early) Philosophical Hermeneutics (Late-middle) The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (Late) Reason in the Age of Science (Late) Speech and Phenomena (Early) Margins of Philosophy (Middle (one of three 1972 volumes)) Limited Inc (Middle-late) Specters of Marx (Late) American Power and the New Mandarins (Early (political work)) Reflections on Language (Mid-career (linguistic work)) Manufacturing Consent (Mid-late (political work)) The Minimalist Program (Late (linguistic work)) Philosophy of New Music (Middle) Aesthetic Theory (Final) The Therapy of Desire (Middle) Women and Human Development (Middle-to-late) Not for Profit (Late) Contact (Late) On Nature (fragments) Paradoxes (fragments) Outlines of Pyrrhonism Han Feizi On the Sacred Disease Antidosis The Histories

Where this stance leads ⓘ

From the standpoint of the One, the distinction between living and dead is conventional.

13 schools

On non-dual views, the apparent distinction between the living and the dead — like every other distinction between apparent observers — is perspectival. The dead and the living are aspects of the same underlying reality. The question of their moral presence is at the conventional level where most of life is lived; at the deeper level the question doesn't quite arise.

Why these schools land hereAdvaita Vedānta, Sufism, Idealism, Solipsism, Neo-Platonism, Rationalism, Transcendentalism — share obs_number=Singular. They are typically comfortable with practices of remembering and honouring the dead while not endorsing strong metaphysical claims about ancestral presence in the way the spans-moments cluster does.

Advaita Vedanta British Idealism Idealism Latin Averroism Neo-Platonism Rationalism Romanticism Solipsism Spinozist Pantheism Structuralism Sufism / Wahdat al-Wujud Transcendentalism Zen Buddhism

Works: The Upanishads Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Early) Cartesian Meditations (Late) The Enneads The World as Will and Representation Brahma Sutra Bhāṣya The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch The German Sermons (Late) Mathnawi (Late) System of Transcendental Idealism (Early) Deliverance from Error (Late) The Concept of Anxiety (Mid (the productive year of 1844 — Concept of Anxiety, Philosophical Fragments, etc.)) Walden (Mid (Thoreau's major prose statement)) Science of Logic (Mid (the central work of the mature Hegelian system)) Émile (Late) The Logical Structure of the World (Early (Carnap's breakthrough work)) The Stranger (Early (the breakthrough novel)) Gravity and Grace (Posthumous (Weil died in 1943 at age 34)) Waiting for God (Posthumous) The Seven Storey Mountain (Early (Merton's breakthrough book; the spiritual autobiography of his conversion)) Seeds of Contemplation (1949) / New Seeds of Contemplation (Mid-late (Merton's mature contemplative theology)) An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Late-mid (looking back over the formative years)) Nausea (Early (Sartre's first novel, before Being and Nothingness)) Notes from Underground (Mid (the transition into the great late period)) The Fall (Late (Camus's last completed novel; the Nobel followed in 1957)) Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Mature (the most comprehensive single-text statement of the system)) Scivias (Early (the first of her three major visionary works)) Philosophical Fragments (Mid (the same productive 1844 as Concept of Anxiety)) Practice in Christianity (Late (the last major pseudonymous work; preceding the attack on the Danish state church)) Repetition (Early-mid (the same explosive 1843 as Either/Or and Fear and Trembling)) Existence and Existents (Early (the first major book, before Time and the Other)) Liber Vitae Meritorum (Mid (the middle volume of the visionary trilogy)) The Imaginary (Early (preceding Being and Nothingness)) Confessions of a Mask (Early (the breakthrough novel that established Mishima's literary reputation)) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Early (the first of Douglass's three autobiographies)) The Freedom of a Christian (Early (1520 is Luther's most productive year of foundational treatises)) Four Quartets (Late (Eliot's mature Anglo-Catholic period)) Vita Nuova (Early (Dante's first major work)) Why Not the Best? (Mid (pre-presidential)) The Sorrows of Young Werther (Early (the 25-year-old Goethe's breakthrough work)) Six Crises (Mid (pre-presidential, post-1960 defeat)) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) / Counsels on Discernment (Early) The Hidden Words (Early) Aké: The Years of Childhood (Mid) The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Mid) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late (the major autobiographical work)) Runaway Horses (Late) An American Life (Late) My Life (Late) Promises to Keep (Mid) Trump: The Art of the Deal (Early) No Man Is an Island (Mid) Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Late) Letters to Olga (Mid (composed during Havel's 1979-83 imprisonment)) The Cancer Journals (Mid) Long Commentary on De Anima (Late) Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre) (Early) On Nature (Peri Physeos) (Early) Opus Tripartitum (Late (Eckhart's most ambitious Latin project, undertaken in the years before the 1326 trial)) Reden der Unterweisung (Early (Eckhart's first major vernacular work, written before the trials of his last decade)) Vom Edlen Menschen (Mature (probably from the Strasbourg years before the trial)) Seven Valleys and Four Valleys (Early (composed before the 1863 proclamation)) Short Treatise on God (Early (Spinoza's first systematic presentation of his metaphysics, predating the Ethics)) Reveries of the Solitary Walker (Last (composed in Rousseau's final two years, after he had retreated from public life)) Essays: First Series (Mature) Soliloquies (Early) The Inward Journey (Late-mature) Slavery and Freedom (Late-mature) The Meaning of the Creative Act (Early-mature) The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (Late) My Early Life (Mid) Coal (Mid) Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Late) Song of Solomon (Mid) This Is My Story (Mid) Autobiography (Late) Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (Early) Dīvān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (Mature) A Confession (Mid) What I Believe (Mid) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Late) Resurrection (Late) Freedom in Exile (Mid) My Land and My People (Early) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (Early) Ash-Wednesday (Mid) Just As I Am (Late) How to Be Born Again (Mid) The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (Late) On Cheerfulness (Mature) Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Late) The Synthesis of Yoga (Mature) Asrar-i Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (Mid) Sun and Steel (Late) The Decay of the Angel (Late) Jaap Sahib (Mature) Akal Ustat (Mature) Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) (Mature) Dreams from My Father (Early) Conversations with Myself (Late) The Conquest of Happiness (Mid) Ecce Homo (Late) Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Late) Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late) From East to West (Late) Tablet of Ahmad (Mature) Where's the Rest of Me? (Early) In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal (Late) Looking Forward (Mid) Promise Me, Dad (Late) Trump: The Art of the Comeback (Mid) De Apice Theoriae (Late) The Voice of the Silence (Late) Wandering (Panghuang) (Mid) Wild Grass (Yecao) (Mid) With Head and Heart (Late) The Sign of Jonas (Mid) The Asian Journal (Late (final)) To the Castle and Back (Late) Quaestiones in Tertium De Anima (Early-to-middle) De Anima Intellectiva (Middle (post-Aquinas-attack)) De Aeternitate Mundi (Middle) Quaestiones super Librum de Causis (Late) On Vision and Colors (Early) On the Will in Nature (Middle) The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Late) West-östlicher Divan (Late) Conversations with Eckermann (Late) Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya (Career-defining) Upadeśasāhasrī (Mature) Journal (Career-spanning)

Where this stance leads ⓘ

Schools the coordinates don't place

These schools don't satisfy any stance's coordinate pattern strongly enough to be assigned — either because they decline to commit on the question (Confucianism is famously silent on what comes after; Pyrrhonian and pragmatist traditions suspend judgment), or because their attribute signature crosses categories in a way the five buckets don't capture.