Works

#601

The Claim of Reason (Mid)

Stanley Cavell · 1979

Analytic-continental philosophy · American Wittgensteinian-Emersonian philosophy

Cavell's 1979 foundational text — Wittgenstein, scepticism, morality, tragedy

20% analytic-metaphysics 10% pragmatism 15% transcendentalism 10% phenomenology 10% pyrrhonism 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 10% romanticism 5% christian-existentialism 5% existentialism 5% jewish-philosophy-maimonidean +8

#602

Natural Goodness (Late)

Philippa Foot · 2001

Analytic ethics · British analytic neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics

Foot's 2001 foundational analytic neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics — natural goodness

20% analytic-metaphysics 15% hylomorphism 15% platonism-classical 20% naturalism 10% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% rationalism 5% catholic-thomistic 5% critical-realism +6

#603

Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Mid)

Mary Midgley · 1978

Philosophical anthropology · British analytic philosophy / philosophical anthropology

Midgley's 1978 foundational text — humans as natural-evolutionary beings, against both behaviourism and dualism

20% naturalism 15% analytic-metaphysics 15% realism 10% platonism-classical 10% pragmatic-realism 5% hylomorphism 10% deep-ecology 5% animism-relational-indigenous 5% critical-realism 5% empiricism +7

#604

Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Late)

John S. Bell · 1987 (papers 1964-86)

Foundations of physics / philosophy of physics · Foundations of quantum mechanics

Bell's 1987 collected papers — including the 1964 Bell's theorem on quantum non-locality

30% quantum-realism 20% realism 10% analytic-metaphysics 10% naturalism 5% rationalism 10% critical-realism 5% empiricism 5% multiverse-theory 5% pythagoreanism +6

#605

The Many Faces of Realism (Mid)

Hilary Putnam · 1987

Analytic metaphysics · American analytic philosophy

Putnam's 1987 articulation of "internal realism" / pragmatic pluralism between metaphysical realism and relativism

25% analytic-metaphysics 20% pragmatic-realism 15% pragmatism 10% realism 5% naturalism 10% constructivism 5% kantian-transcendental-idealism 5% rationalism 5% critical-realism +6

#606

The Social Construction of What? (Late)

Ian Hacking · 1999

Philosophy of science / social philosophy · Canadian analytic philosophy of science

Hacking's 1999 foundational analysis — what social-construction claims really mean and which are warranted

25% analytic-metaphysics 20% constructivism 15% realism 10% pragmatic-realism 10% naturalism 5% pragmatism 5% critical-realism 5% postmodernism 5% empiricism +6

#607

The Justification of the Good (Opravdanie dobra) (Late)

Vladimir Solovyov · 1897

Moral-religious philosophy · Russian religious philosophy (Silver Age precursor)

Solovyov's 1897 foundational Russian moral-religious philosophy — Godmanhood and the good

25% eastern-orthodox-christianity 15% idealism 10% neo-platonism 10% kantian-transcendental-idealism 10% liberal-theology 10% platonism-classical 5% christian-personalism 5% phenomenology 5% rationalism 5% process-theology +7

#608

The Destiny of Man (O naznachenii cheloveka) (Mid)

Nikolai Berdyaev · 1931

Christian existentialist philosophy · Russian Christian existentialism

Berdyaev's 1931 foundational Russian Christian existentialism — freedom and creativity

25% eastern-orthodox-christianity 25% christian-existentialism 15% christian-personalism 10% idealism 10% existentialism 5% liberal-theology 5% liberation-theology 5% process-theology +5

#609

Athens and Jerusalem (Athènes et Jérusalem) (Late)

Lev Shestov · 1938

Russian existentialist philosophy · Russian Jewish existential philosophy

Shestov's 1938 foundational text — Athens (Greek reason) vs. Jerusalem (Biblical faith)

15% christian-existentialism 20% rabbinic-judaism 10% jewish-philosophy-maimonidean 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% platonism-classical 10% absurdism 10% pyrrhonism 5% kabbalah-lurianic 5% existentialism 5% liberal-theology +7

#610

The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Essai sur la théologie mystique de l'Église d'Orient) (Mid)

Vladimir Lossky · 1944

Mystical theology · Russian Orthodox theology in Western exile

Lossky's 1944 foundational text — Eastern Orthodox mystical theology for the West

40% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% neo-platonism 10% catholic-thomistic 5% liberal-theology 5% platonism-classical 5% phenomenology 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 5% process-theology 5% christian-existentialism 5% panpsychism +8

#611

The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Late)

Muhammad Iqbal · 1930-34

Islamic philosophical theology · Modern Islamic-Sufi philosophy

Iqbal's 1930-34 foundational text — reconstruction of Islamic religious thought in light of modern science and philosophy

25% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 20% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 15% process-philosophy 10% idealism 10% pragmatism 5% platonism-classical 5% hylomorphism 5% liberation-theology 5% quantum-realism +6

#612

Freedom of the Will (Late)

Jonathan Edwards · 1754

Reformed philosophical theology · American Reformed Calvinist philosophical theology

Edwards's 1754 foundational text of American Reformed philosophical theology — compatibilist freedom

30% reformed-calvinist-theology 15% evangelical-protestantism 15% determinism 10% rationalism 10% idealism 10% empiricism 5% analytic-metaphysics 5% liberal-theology +5

#613

An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Mid)

John Henry Newman · 1845 (rev. 1878)

Theological-historical philosophy · British Roman Catholic theology

Newman's 1845 foundational text on doctrinal development — composed during his conversion to Catholicism

25% catholic-thomistic 5% evangelical-protestantism 10% liberal-theology 10% idealism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% realism 5% phenomenology 5% pragmatic-realism 5% platonism-classical 5% romanticism 5% rationalism 5% christian-existentialism 5% process-theology +10

#614

Orthodoxy (Mid)

G.K. Chesterton · 1908

Christian apologetics / spiritual autobiography · English Catholic apologetics

Chesterton's 1908 foundational apologetic for traditional Christianity — paradox and joy at the heart of the cosmos

25% catholic-thomistic 10% evangelical-protestantism 5% liberal-theology 15% realism 10% absurdism 10% romanticism 10% christian-existentialism 5% platonism-classical 5% pragmatic-realism 5% pyrrhonism +7

#615

Mere Christianity (Mid)

C.S. Lewis · 1952 (based on BBC radio talks 1941-44)

Christian apologetics · English Anglican apologetics

Lewis's 1952 foundational popular Christian apologetics — "mere" Christianity as the common ground

20% evangelical-protestantism 10% catholic-thomistic 5% liberal-theology 10% platonism-classical 10% rationalism 10% realism 5% christian-existentialism 5% reformed-calvinist-theology 10% romanticism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% lutheranism +9

#616

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Mid)

Marshall McLuhan · 1964

Media-theoretical philosophy · Canadian media studies / Toronto School

McLuhan's 1964 foundational text — "the medium is the message", hot vs. cool media, the global village

15% pragmatic-realism 10% catholic-thomistic 5% analytic-metaphysics 15% postmodernism 10% critical-realism 15% dataism-information-ontology 5% naturalism 10% constructivism 5% transhumanism-posthumanism 5% phenomenology 5% simulation-theory +8

#617

Notes on the State of Virginia (Mid)

Thomas Jefferson · 1781-82 (composed); 1785 (Paris edn); 1787 (London edn)

American Enlightenment philosophy / natural history · American Enlightenment

Jefferson's 1785 Notes — foundational text of American Enlightenment political thought

25% liberal-theology 15% deism 15% empiricism 10% rationalism 10% naturalism 10% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% platonism-classical +6

#618

Common Sense (Mid)

Thomas Paine · 1776 (January)

Revolutionary political pamphlet · American Revolutionary thought

Paine's 1776 foundational pamphlet of the American Revolution — case for independence

25% liberal-theology 15% rationalism 10% empiricism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% evangelical-protestantism 10% deism 10% realism 5% liberation-theology 5% platonism-classical 5% naturalism +7

#619

The Age of Reason (Late)

Thomas Paine · 1794 (Part I); 1795 (Part II); 1807 (Part III)

Deist religious-philosophical critique · American/British Deist thought

Paine's 1794-95 deist critique of Christianity — "I believe in one God, and no more"

30% deism 15% rationalism 10% empiricism 10% naturalism 10% liberal-theology 5% pyrrhonism 5% critical-realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% realism +7

#620

The Souls of Black Folk (Mid)

W.E.B. Du Bois · 1903

Sociological-philosophical essays · African American social thought

Du Bois's 1903 foundational text — double consciousness, the veil, the Talented Tenth

20% liberation-theology 15% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 10% phenomenology 10% critical-realism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% pragmatism 5% african-traditional-religion-yoruba-ifa 5% romanticism 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% realism 5% liberal-theology 5% idealism +9

#621

Mind, Self, and Society (Late)

George Herbert Mead · 1934 (posthumous; lectures 1928-30)

Social psychology / pragmatist philosophy · American pragmatism / symbolic interactionism

Mead's 1934 foundational text of symbolic interactionism — mind, self, and society arising from social action

30% pragmatism 15% pragmatic-realism 15% constructivism 10% naturalism 5% realism 10% behaviorism 5% phenomenology 5% idealism 5% empiricism +6

#622

The World and the Individual (Mid)

Josiah Royce · 1899-1901 (Gifford Lectures at Aberdeen)

Idealist systematic philosophy · American absolute idealism (Harvard)

Royce's 1899-1901 Gifford Lectures — foundational American absolute idealism

30% idealism 15% pragmatism 10% kantian-transcendental-idealism 10% liberal-theology 5% platonism-classical 10% christian-personalism 10% transcendentalism 5% neo-platonism 5% process-philosophy +6

#623

The Education of Henry Adams (Late)

Henry Adams · 1907 (private printing); 1918 (public)

Philosophical-historical autobiography · American historical-philosophical literature

Henry Adams's 1907/1918 — third-person autobiographical reflection on American education and historical acceleration

15% realism 10% critical-realism 15% pragmatic-realism 10% pyrrhonism 10% romanticism 5% catholic-thomistic 5% nihilism 5% pragmatism 10% naturalism 5% transcendentalism 5% idealism 5% liberal-theology +9

#624

Twenty Years at Hull-House (Late)

Jane Addams · 1910

Sociological-philosophical autobiography · American Progressive social-ethical tradition

Jane Addams's 1910 foundational text — the Settlement Movement and the social-ethical tradition

20% pragmatism 15% pragmatic-realism 15% liberation-theology 10% liberal-theology 5% evangelical-protestantism 10% realism 5% constructivism 5% phenomenology 5% naturalism 5% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 5% critical-realism +8

#625

A Theology for the Social Gospel (Late)

Walter Rauschenbusch · 1917

Liberal Protestant social theology · American Social Gospel movement

Rauschenbusch's 1917 foundational Social Gospel theology — Christianizing the social order

25% liberal-theology 15% liberation-theology 10% evangelical-protestantism 10% reformed-calvinist-theology 10% pragmatic-realism 5% pragmatism 10% dialectical-materialism 5% realism 5% process-theology 5% christian-personalism +7

#626

The Long Loneliness (Late)

Dorothy Day · 1952

Spiritual autobiography · American Catholic Worker movement

Dorothy Day's 1952 foundational autobiography — the Catholic Worker, voluntary poverty, hospitality, pacifism

25% catholic-thomistic 20% liberation-theology 10% liberal-theology 10% pragmatic-realism 15% christian-personalism 5% phenomenology 5% dialectical-materialism 5% realism 5% christian-existentialism 6% radical-reformation +7

#627

A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Mid)

Fung Yu-lan (Feng Youlan) · 1948

History of philosophy · Modern Chinese philosophy

Fung Yu-lan's 1948 foundational text — Chinese philosophy presented to the modern world

25% confucianism 15% taoism 10% buddhism 10% analytic-metaphysics 10% realism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% pragmatism 5% rationalism 5% idealism 5% hylomorphism +7

#628

Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (Zhi de zhijue yu Zhongguo zhexue) (Late)

Mou Zongsan · 1971

Comparative philosophy · Hong Kong / Taiwan New Confucianism

Mou Zongsan's 1971 foundational New Confucian text — Chinese intellectual intuition vs. Kantian limit

30% confucianism 15% kantian-transcendental-idealism 10% idealism 10% taoism 10% buddhism 5% phenomenology 5% analytic-metaphysics 5% realism 5% rationalism 5% platonism-classical +7

#629

Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (Dongxi wenhua ji qi zhexue) (Early)

Liang Shuming · 1921

Comparative cultural philosophy · Chinese Confucian revival

Liang Shuming's 1921 foundational text — three cultural orientations: Western, Indian (Buddhist), Chinese (Confucian)

30% confucianism 15% buddhism 10% taoism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% idealism 10% process-philosophy 5% phenomenology 5% realism 5% relativism 5% advaita-vedanta +7

#630

The Importance of Living (Mid)

Lin Yutang · 1937

Popular philosophical-cultural essay · Chinese popular philosophy / cross-cultural

Lin Yutang's 1937 foundational popular philosophy — Chinese leisure-philosophy presented to the modern West

25% taoism 20% confucianism 10% buddhism 10% epicureanism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% naturalism 5% romanticism 5% pragmatism 5% transcendentalism 5% realism +7

#631

Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (Late)

Shunryu Suzuki (Suzuki-rōshi) · 1970

Zen Buddhist practical philosophy · American Sōtō Zen Buddhism

Shunryu Suzuki's 1970 foundational text — "In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities..."

30% buddhism 5% pure-land-buddhism 5% yogacara 10% phenomenology 5% pragmatism 5% shintoism 5% taoism 5% panpsychism 5% transcendentalism 5% critical-realism 5% process-philosophy 5% tibetan-vajrayana-buddhism 5% confucianism 5% idealism +11

#632

Religion and Nothingness (Shūkyō to wa nani ka) (Mid)

Nishitani Keiji · 1961

Buddhist-Christian philosophy · Japanese Kyoto School (2nd generation)

Nishitani's 1961 foundational Kyoto-School text — religion as "place of nothingness" (śūnyatā)

25% buddhism 15% existentialism 10% christian-existentialism 10% phenomenology 5% pure-land-buddhism 5% yogacara 10% nihilism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% taoism 5% idealism 5% liberal-theology +8

#633

The Hindu View of Life (Mid)

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan · 1926 (Upton Lectures at Oxford, 1926)

Hindu philosophical theology · Modern Vedanta / Indian philosophy

Radhakrishnan's 1926 foundational text — modern Vedantic Hindu philosophy presented to the West

30% advaita-vedanta 10% samkhya 5% buddhism 10% idealism 5% neo-platonism 10% spinozist-pantheism 5% phenomenology 5% realism 10% liberal-theology 5% relativism 5% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud +8

#634

The First and Last Freedom (Mid)

Jiddu Krishnamurti · 1954

Contemplative philosophy · Modern Indian post-traditional spiritual philosophy

Krishnamurti's 1954 foundational text — "Truth is a pathless land"

15% buddhism 10% advaita-vedanta 10% phenomenology 10% pyrrhonism 5% taoism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% realism 10% liberation-theology 5% absurdism 5% nihilism 5% relativism 5% hermeticism 5% psychedelic-entheogenic +10

#635

Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Late)

Tu Weiming · 1985

Comparative Confucian philosophy · Contemporary New Confucianism

Tu Weiming's 1985 foundational text — Confucian selfhood as creative transformation through self-cultivation

35% confucianism 10% pragmatism 10% process-philosophy 5% idealism 5% liberation-theology 5% phenomenology 5% analytic-metaphysics 5% pragmatic-realism 5% realism 5% process-theology 5% buddhism 5% taoism +9

#636

Being Peace (Late)

Thich Nhat Hanh · 1987

Engaged Buddhist contemplative philosophy · Vietnamese Engaged Buddhism

Thich Nhat Hanh's 1987 foundational text of Engaged Buddhism — interbeing and mindful peace-making

30% buddhism 15% liberation-theology 5% pure-land-buddhism 5% yogacara 5% animism-relational-indigenous 10% phenomenology 10% pragmatic-realism 5% process-philosophy 5% panpsychism 5% liberal-theology 5% deep-ecology +8

#637

Rerum Novarum (Late)

Pope Leo XIII · 1891 (15 May)

Papal encyclical · Catholic Social Teaching

Leo XIII's 1891 Rerum Novarum — foundational encyclical of modern Catholic Social Teaching

35% catholic-thomistic 10% hylomorphism 10% liberation-theology 10% realism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% liberal-theology 5% dialectical-materialism 10% christian-personalism 5% rationalism +6

#638

Gaudium et Spes (Late)

Second Vatican Council · 1965 (7 December)

Vatican II Pastoral Constitution · Vatican II Catholic theology

Vatican II's 1965 Gaudium et Spes — Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World

30% catholic-thomistic 10% liberation-theology 10% liberal-theology 15% christian-personalism 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% hylomorphism 5% phenomenology 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% christian-existentialism +8

#639

Laudato Si' (Late)

Pope Francis · 2015 (24 May)

Papal encyclical · Catholic Social Teaching / integral ecology

Pope Francis's 2015 Laudato Si' — foundational Catholic encyclical on environmental crisis and integral ecology

25% catholic-thomistic 20% deep-ecology 10% liberation-theology 10% christian-personalism 5% animism-relational-indigenous 5% pragmatic-realism 5% liberal-theology 5% critical-realism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% process-theology 5% naturalism +8

#640

The Voice of the Voiceless (Late)

Óscar Romero · 1977-80 (collected pastoral letters)

Pastoral letters · Latin American liberation theology

Romero's pastoral letters from El Salvador — foundational liberation-theology martyr text

35% liberation-theology 20% catholic-thomistic 10% christian-personalism 10% realism 5% dialectical-materialism 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% animism-relational-indigenous 5% christian-existentialism +6

#641

Church: Charism and Power (Igreja: carisma e poder) (Mid)

Leonardo Boff · 1981

Liberation ecclesiology · Latin American Catholic liberation theology

Boff's 1981 foundational liberation-theological ecclesiology — Church of the poor

35% liberation-theology 15% catholic-thomistic 15% dialectical-materialism 10% critical-realism 5% realism 5% process-theology 5% pragmatic-realism 5% christian-personalism 5% animism-relational-indigenous +6

#642

Christ the Liberator: A View from the Victims (Late)

Jon Sobrino · 1999 (Spanish); 2001 (English)

Liberation Christology · Latin American (Salvadoran) liberation theology

Sobrino's 1999/2001 foundational liberation Christology — Christ viewed from the victims

35% liberation-theology 15% catholic-thomistic 10% dialectical-materialism 10% critical-realism 5% christian-existentialism 10% realism 5% phenomenology 5% animism-relational-indigenous 5% liberal-theology +6

#643

Black Elk Speaks (Late)

Nicholas Black Elk (Heȟáka Sápa), recorded by John G. Neihardt · 1932

Native American spiritual autobiography · Lakota / Native American religious philosophy

Black Elk's 1932 foundational Lakota spiritual autobiography — the Great Vision and the sacred hoop

35% animism-relational-indigenous 10% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 10% process-philosophy 10% panpsychism 10% deep-ecology 5% romanticism 5% catholic-thomistic 5% transcendentalism 5% liberation-theology 5% hermeticism +7

#644

God Is Red: A Native View of Religion (Late)

Vine Deloria Jr. · 1973 (2nd edn 1992; 3rd edn 2003)

Native American religious philosophy · Contemporary Native American thought

Vine Deloria's 1973 foundational text — Native American religion against the Western Christian framework

35% animism-relational-indigenous 10% liberation-theology 10% critical-realism 10% deep-ecology 5% process-philosophy 5% panpsychism 5% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 5% realism 5% phenomenology 5% postmodernism 5% liberal-theology +8

#645

Women, Race & Class (Mid)

Angela Y. Davis · 1981

Black-feminist Marxist analysis · Black feminist / Marxist theory

Davis's 1981 foundational Black-feminist Marxist analysis of women, race, and class

20% liberation-theology 25% dialectical-materialism 15% critical-realism 10% realism 10% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 5% african-traditional-religion-yoruba-ifa 5% pragmatic-realism 5% phenomenology 5% evangelical-protestantism +6

#646

Black Feminist Thought (Mid)

Patricia Hill Collins · 1990 (2nd edn 2000)

Black feminist epistemology / sociology of knowledge · Black feminism / Black feminist epistemology

Hill Collins's 1990 foundational text — Black feminist epistemology and the "matrix of domination"

20% liberation-theology 15% critical-realism 10% postmodernism 10% dialectical-materialism 10% phenomenology 10% ubuntu-african-communal-ontology 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 10% constructivism 5% african-traditional-religion-yoruba-ifa +7

#647

Reality+ (Late (Chalmers's major popular-and-technical synthesis on virtual reality and the simulation hypothesis))

David J. Chalmers · 2022

Philosophical treatise (popular-and-technical) · Analytic philosophy of mind / virtual realism

Virtual reality is genuine reality — the systematic philosophical defense of virtual realism

50% virtual-realism 25% simulation-theory 20% analytic-metaphysics 10% panpsychism 10% naturalism 8% analytic-philosophy +3

#648

Paradiso (Divine Comedy, Cantica III) (Late)

Dante Alighieri · c. 1316-21

Theological-philosophical epic poetry · Medieval Italian Catholic theology

Dante's c. 1316-21 Paradiso — culminating book of the Divine Comedy, ascent to the Beatific Vision

30% catholic-thomistic 15% neo-platonism 10% platonism-classical 10% hylomorphism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 5% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 5% hermeticism 5% pythagoreanism 5% realism 5% romanticism +8

#649

Don Quixote (El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) (Late)

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra · 1605 (Part I); 1615 (Part II)

Novel · Spanish Renaissance / Baroque literature

Cervantes's 1605/15 foundational novel — widely considered the first modern novel

15% realism 15% absurdism 5% pyrrhonism 10% catholic-thomistic 10% pragmatic-realism 10% romanticism 5% pragmatism 5% platonism-classical 5% existentialism 10% postmodernism 5% constructivism 5% empiricism +9

#650

Paradise Lost (Late)

John Milton · 1667 (1st edn, 10 books); 1674 (2nd edn, 12 books)

English epic poem · English Puritan poetry

Milton's 1667 foundational English Puritan epic — "to justify the ways of God to men"

25% reformed-calvinist-theology 10% evangelical-protestantism 10% platonism-classical 5% neo-platonism 10% rationalism 10% liberal-theology 5% hermeticism 10% romanticism 5% catholic-thomistic 5% idealism 5% realism +8

#651

Gulliver's Travels (Late)

Jonathan Swift · 1726

Satirical-philosophical novel · English Enlightenment satire

Swift's 1726 foundational satire — Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and the Houyhnhnms

15% pyrrhonism 15% realism 10% absurdism 10% evangelical-protestantism 10% pragmatic-realism 10% empiricism 5% nihilism 10% rationalism 5% liberal-theology 5% platonism-classical 5% naturalism +8

#652

An Essay on Man (Late)

Alexander Pope · 1733-34

Philosophical poem · English Augustan / Enlightenment poetry

Pope's 1733-34 foundational English Enlightenment philosophical poem — "Whatever IS, is RIGHT"

20% deism 10% catholic-thomistic 15% rationalism 10% platonism-classical 10% liberal-theology 10% stoicism 10% empiricism 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% determinism +7

#653

Ficciones (Mid)

Jorge Luis Borges · 1944

Short philosophical fiction · Latin American Modernist / speculative fiction

Borges's 1944 foundational text of modern speculative fiction — labyrinths, libraries, infinities

20% postmodernism 10% idealism 10% pyrrhonism 10% multiverse-theory 5% absurdism 5% analytic-metaphysics 5% platonism-classical 5% realism 5% constructivism 5% nihilism 10% simulation-theory 5% rabbinic-judaism 5% kabbalah-lurianic +10

#654

Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot) (Mid)

Samuel Beckett · 1948-49 (composed); 1952 (French publication); 1953 (premiere)

Absurdist drama · Theater of the Absurd

Beckett's 1952 foundational text of the Theater of the Absurd — "Nothing to be done"

30% absurdism 15% existentialism 15% nihilism 5% pyrrhonism 5% phenomenology 10% postmodernism 5% christian-existentialism 5% realism 5% critical-realism 5% pragmatic-realism +7

#655

Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili) (Mid)

Italo Calvino · 1972

Postmodern speculative novel · Italian postmodernism / Latin American magical realism affinity

Calvino's 1972 Invisible Cities — Marco Polo describes 55 imaginary cities to Kublai Khan

25% postmodernism 15% structuralism 5% absurdism 15% constructivism 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% platonism-classical 10% phenomenology 5% multiverse-theory 5% pyrrhonism 5% simulation-theory +8

#656

One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (Mid)

Gabriel García Márquez · 1967

Magical-realist novel · Latin American magical realism

García Márquez's 1967 foundational Latin American magical realism — the Buendía family of Macondo

15% animism-relational-indigenous 15% postmodernism 10% liberation-theology 10% realism 5% critical-realism 10% romanticism 5% catholic-thomistic 5% african-traditional-religion-yoruba-ifa 5% dialectical-materialism 5% pyrrhonism 5% process-philosophy 5% pragmatic-realism 5% absurdism +10

#657

A Vision (Late)

W.B. Yeats · 1925 (1st edn); 1937 (rev. 2nd edn)

Esoteric philosophical-poetic system · Irish modernist-occult literature

Yeats's 1925/1937 foundational esoteric-philosophical synthesis — the 28 phases of the moon and the gyres of history

25% hermeticism 15% romanticism 15% neo-platonism 5% platonism-classical 10% idealism 5% process-philosophy 5% kabbalah-lurianic 5% pythagoreanism 5% absurdism 5% realism 5% taoism +8

#658

Begriffsschrift (Early)

Gottlob Frege · 1879

Mathematical-logical treatise · Foundations of mathematics / analytic philosophy

Frege's 1879 foundational Begriffsschrift — modern formal logic, quantifiers, and a new logical notation

30% logicism 20% analytic-metaphysics 15% rationalism 10% platonism-classical 10% realism 5% kantian-transcendental-idealism 5% empiricism 5% pythagoreanism +5

#659

On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Early)

Kurt Gödel · 1931

Mathematical-logical paper · Foundations of mathematics

Gödel's 1931 foundational paper — the incompleteness theorems

20% logicism 15% analytic-metaphysics 15% platonism-classical 15% rationalism 10% realism 10% pythagoreanism 5% kantian-transcendental-idealism 5% logical-positivism 5% idealism +6

#660

The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Mid)

Alfred Tarski · 1933 (Polish); 1935 (German); 1956 (English)

Mathematical-logical paper on semantics · Foundations of semantics / analytic philosophy

Tarski's 1933/35 foundational paper on the semantic theory of truth — "snow is white" is true iff snow is white

15% logicism 25% analytic-metaphysics 15% realism 10% rationalism 15% logical-positivism 5% platonism-classical 5% empiricism 5% pragmatic-realism 5% pythagoreanism +6