Works

#1478 · 1662 (revised editions through 1675)

Stillingfleet's 1681 sermon-treatise against Dissenting separation from the Church of England

Latitudinarian Anglicanism / Restoration philosophical theology / Cambridge-Platonist-influenced rational religion 1

Origines Sacrae (Early-career)

Stillingfleet's 1662 'Origines Sacrae' — Restoration-Anglican rational defence of Christian truth against deist and atheist challenge

Latitudinarian Anglicanism / Restoration polemical theology 1

#1479 · 1664

A Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion (Early-career)

Stillingfleet's 1664 Protestant-Anglican reply to John Sergeant's Catholic apologetic

Latitudinarian Anglicanism / Trinitarian apologetics 1

#1481 · 1696

A Discourse in Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity (Late)

#1281 · 1823-44 (revelations); 1835 (first ed.)

Stillingfleet's 1696 defence of Trinitarian orthodoxy — the work that drew him into open dispute with Locke

Latter-day Saint / Mormon tradition 4

Doctrine and Covenants (Mid)

#1284 · 1842 (March 1, 1842)

Smith's 1835 compilation of revelations — central LDS scripture

Articles of Faith (Mid)

#1283 · 1844 (April 7, 1844)

Smith's 1842 thirteen articles — concise summary of LDS distinctive doctrines

King Follett Discourse (Late)

#1282 · c. 1830-1844 (materials); 1851 (compiled)

Smith's 1844 sermon — exaltation, divine-human-progression, the proper-LDS theological-anthropology

The Pearl of Great Price (Mid)

#1641 · Sermons 1854-1886; published serially Liverpool / SLC 1854-1886

Joseph Smith's 1851 compilation — Book of Moses, Book of Abraham, Joseph Smith History

LDS / early-Mormon teaching / Utah-era American religion 1

Journal of Discourses (Career-spanning)

Brigham Young

'Journal of Discourses' — 26-volume collection of Brigham Young and other early-LDS sermons (1854-1886)

Lebanese-American philosophy of randomness 1

#707 · 2007

The Black Swan (Late)

Nassim Nicholas Taleb

Taleb's 2007 foundational text — "Black Swan" rare-events, the limits of statistical prediction

Liberal Protestant theology 1

#1032 · 1821-22 (first edition); substantially revised 1830-31 (second edition, the standard form)

The Christian Faith (Mature)

Friedrich Schleiermacher

The founding modern Protestant systematic theology — Schleiermacher's reconstruction of Christian doctrine on the basis of religious self-consciousness

Liberal Protestant theology / nineteenth-century German theology 1

#1030 · 1811 (first edition); substantially revised 1830 (second edition)

Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study (Mature)

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Theology as a positive science — Schleiermacher's methodological treatise organising the field into philosophical, historical, and practical theology

Logical positivism (Vienna Circle) 1

#905 · 1932 (Erkenntnis 2; English trans. Arthur Pap, 1959)

The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme))

#1618 · 1966 (lectures earlier)

Metaphysical statements are not false — they are cognitively meaningless pseudo-statements

Logical positivism / philosophy of science / philosophy of physics 1

The Philosophical Foundations of Physics (Late)

#204 · 1928 (Carnap's habilitation; the founding text of the Vienna Circle's constructive-philosophical programme)

Carnap's 1966 'Philosophical Foundations of Physics' — accessible late synthesis of his philosophy of physics

Logical positivism / Vienna Circle 1

The Logical Structure of the World (Early (Carnap's breakthrough work))

All empirical concepts constructed from immediate experience using the logical apparatus of Principia Mathematica — Carnap's most ambitious early book

Logical positivism / Vienna Circle / philosophy of language 1

#1617 · 1950

Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology (Late)

#1651 · Luria's teachings 1570-72; redacted by Vital; printed 1875

Carnap's 1950 'Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology' — internal vs external ontological questions

Lurianic Kabbalah / Jewish mystical reincarnation doctrine 1

Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim (Posthumous (transmission))

Isaac ben Solomon Luria (the Ari)

Vital's 'Sha'ar ha-Gilgulim' — Lurianic doctrine of soul-transmigration (gilgul neshamot)

Lurianic Kabbalah / sixteenth-century Safed mystical school 1

#1650 · Luria's teachings 1570-72; redacted by Hayyim Vital c. 1572-1620; printed 1782

Etz Chayim (Posthumous (transmission))

Isaac ben Solomon Luria (the Ari)

Vital's 'Etz Chayim' — the central systematic record of Lurianic Kabbalah: tzimtzum, shevirat ha-kelim, tikkun olam

Lutheran / Reformation 4

#1379 · 1522 (NT), 1534 (complete Bible)

Luther German Bible (Mature)

Luther's 1522-34 German Bible — major Reformation text

#1378 · 1529

Larger and Smaller Catechisms (Mature)

#1380 · 1531 (lectures); 1535 (published)

Luther's 1529 catechisms

Lectures on Galatians (Mature)

Luther's 1531/1535 great commentary on Galatians

#1381 · 1535-45

Lectures on Genesis (Late)

Luther's 1535-45 late-life lectures on Genesis

Madhyamaka Buddhism 4

#1426 · c. 150-250 AD

Vigrahavyāvartanī (Early)

Nāgārjuna's "Dispeller of Disputes" — defence of emptiness against logician critics

#1427 · c. 150-250 AD

Śūnyatāsaptati (Mid)

Nāgārjuna's "Seventy Verses on Emptiness" — concise emptiness exposition

#1428 · c. 150-250 AD

Yuktiṣaṣṭikā (Mid)

Nāgārjuna's "Sixty Verses on Reasoning" — emptiness via dependent-origination

#1429 · c. 150-250 AD

Ratnāvalī (Mid-to-late)

Ibn Khaldūn (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān)

Nāgārjuna's "Precious Garland" — Madhyamaka teaching to a Sātavāhana king

Maghrebi-Islamic historiography / philosophy of history 1

#488 · 1377

Muqaddimah (Late)

Ibn Khaldūn's 1377 foundational work of historiography and social science — ʿaṣabiyya as the engine of history

Mahayana Buddhism / Zen Buddhism 2

#1357 · 1907

Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Early)

Daisetsu Teitarō Suzuki

Suzuki's 1907 first English-language scholarly book

#1355 · 1932

The Lankavatara Sutra (Mid)

Daisetsu Teitarō Suzuki

Suzuki's 1932 translation of the Lankavatara Sutra

Mahayana Buddhist (Korean / East Asian) 1

#1854 · c. 660 CE

Commentary on the Awakening of Mahayana Faith

Wonhyo

One Mind, two aspects — tathagatagarbha and alayavijnana are not two but one, and all beings can awaken

Mahāyāna Buddhism / Madhyamaka 1

#58 · c. 150–250 AD (South India)

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā

#76 · c. 600 AD (extant form); verses possibly earlier

Everything that arises does so dependently — nothing has intrinsic nature (svabhāva), emptiness (śūnyatā) is the truth of dependent origination

Mahāyāna Buddhism / Prajñāpāramitā literature 1

The Heart Sutra

Anonymous (Mahāyāna tradition; some scholars argue for a Chinese composition c. 7th century)

Form is emptiness; emptiness is form — the compressed essence of the Perfection of Wisdom tradition

Maliki jurisprudence / Islamic comparative law 1

#1154 · 12th century (c. 1167-88)

Bidāyat al-Mujtahid (Mature)

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

Averroes's 12th-c. comparative jurisprudence — the four Sunni law schools compared on substantive legal questions

Manichaeism 4

#418 · Material from c. 240–280 CE; Coptic redaction c. 350–450 CE

The Kephalaia

Manichaean disciples / compilers, drawing on Mani's teaching (5th century CE Coptic redaction of late 3rd-century material)

The systematic catechetical statement of Manichaean cosmology, anthropology, and ethics

#1129 · mid-3rd century CE

Living Gospel (Evangelium Vivum) (Mature)

#1130 · mid-3rd century CE

Mani's Living Gospel — first of the seven canonical Manichaean books, the principal scripture

Treasure of Life (Mature)

#1131 · mid-3rd century CE

Mani's Treasure of Life — second of the seven canonical Manichaean books

Book of Mysteries (Mature)

#1128 · mid-3rd century CE (c. 240-260)

Mani's Book of Mysteries — third of the seven canonical books; polemical address to earlier prophets and traditions

Manichaeism / Late-antique Iranian religion 1

Shabuhragan (Mature)

#438 · 1923-29 (Vol I 1923, II 1925, III 1929)

Mani's mid-3rd-c. Middle Persian summary of his teaching dedicated to Shapur I — only Manichaean scripture in Persian

Marburg Neo-Kantianism 1

The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Mid)

Ernst Cassirer

Cassirer's three-volume neo-Kantian philosophy of symbolic forms (1923-29)

Marburg neo-Kantianism / German-Jewish philosophy 1

#734 · 1918 (completed); 1919 (posthumous); 1929 (2nd ed.)

Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Late)

Hermann Cohen

Cohen's 1919 posthumous Marburg-neo-Kantian reconstruction of Judaism as the religion of reason

Marxism / Classical political economy 3

#1329 · 1857-58

Grundrisse (Mature)

#1328 · c. 1864-75 (drafts); 1894 (Engels-edited publication)

Marx's 1857-58 notebooks — foundations of his mature economic thought

Capital, Volume III (Late)

#1327 · c. 1865-78 (drafts); 1885 (Engels-edited publication)

Marx's 1894 posthumous third volume of Capital

Capital, Volume II (Late)

Marx's 1885 posthumous second volume of Capital — circulation process

Marxism / Classical political economy / Historical materialism 1

#1326 · 1859

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Mature)

#45 · February 1848 (commissioned by the Communist League, London)

Marx's 1859 precursor to Capital — includes the famous Preface

Marxism / revolutionary socialism 1

The Communist Manifesto (Early)

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles — workers of the world, unite

Marxism-Leninism / revolutionary political theory 1

#785 · 1917 (composed in Finland, on the eve of the October Revolution)

The State and Revolution (Late)

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's 1917 pamphlet on the Marxist theory of the state and the dictatorship of the proletariat

Mary-Daly radical feminism / linguistic-politics / post-Christian feminism 1

#1643 · 1987 (with Jane Caputi)

Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (Late-middle)

Mary Daly

Daly and Caputi's 1987 'Wickedary' — radical-feminist dictionary, playful neologistic linguistic-politics

Mary-Daly radical feminism / radical-feminist autobiography 1

#1644 · 1992

Outercourse (Late)

Mary Daly

Daly's 1992 'Outercourse' — autobiography of 'The Be-Dazzling Voyage'

Mathematical biology / pattern formation / philosophy of biology 1

#1549 · 1952

The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis (Late)

Alan Turing

Turing's 1952 'Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis' — founding paper of mathematical biology of pattern formation

Mathematical logic / Analytic philosophy / Logicism 3

#1246 · 1891

Function and Concept (Mature)

Frege's 1891 lecture — concepts as functions

#1244 · 1918-19

Der Gedanke (The Thought) (Late)

#1245 · c. 1879-1925 (composed); 1969 (German collection); 1979 (English)

Frege's 1918 essay — the third realm of thoughts, distinct from physical and mental objects

Posthumous Writings (Posthumous)

#1243 · 1893 (vol. 1), 1903 (vol. 2)

Frege's posthumous unfinished work — drafts, notes, and unpublished essays

Mathematical logic / computability theory / Cambridge analytic-mathematical philosophy 1

#1547 · 1936

On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Early)

Alan Turing

Turing's 1936 founding paper of computer science — the Turing Machine and the undecidability of the Entscheidungsproblem

Mathematical logic / foundations of mathematics / set theory 1

#1563 · 1940

The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (Middle)

Kurt Gödel

Gödel's 1940 monograph — relative consistency of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with ZF set theory

Mathematical logic / Logicism / Analytic philosophy 1

Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) (Mature)

#1560 · 1959 (Kripke aged 18)

Frege's 1893-1903 systematic derivation of arithmetic from logic — the formal statement of logicism

Mathematical logic / modal logic 1

#1561 · 1963

Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic (Early)

Saul Kripke

Kripke's 1963 systematic statement — quantified modal logic and the relations among modal systems

Mathematical logic / modal logic / analytic metaphysics 1

A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic (Earliest)

Saul Kripke

Kripke's 1959 founding paper — the possible-worlds semantics for modal logic

Mathematical logic / philosophy of mathematics / mathematical Platonism 1

#1564 · 1947 (revised and expanded 1964)

What is Cantor's Continuum Problem? (Middle-to-late)

Kurt Gödel

Gödel's 1947/1964 'What Is Cantor's Continuum Problem?' — the Platonist statement of his philosophy of mathematics

Mathematical probability theory / Enlightenment science 1

#1449 · 1812 (revised 1814, 1820)

Théorie analytique des probabilités (Late)

Pierre-Simon Laplace

Laplace's 1812 Analytical Theory of Probabilities — founding probability mathematics

Mathematical-Platonist multiverse cosmology 1

#697 · 2014

Our Mathematical Universe (Late)

Max Tegmark

Tegmark's 2014 foundational text — the Mathematical Universe Hypothesis (MUH) and four-level multiverse

Medieval Christian scholastic theology 1

#202 · c. 1076 (composed at the abbey of Bec; the first major work of mature scholastic theology)

Monologion (Early (Anselm's first major work, before the Proslogion))

#152 · 1094–1098 (Capua and Canterbury)

A meditation on the divine nature reasoned from rational principles alone — the seedbed for the more famous Proslogion

Medieval Christian theology / Anselmian scholasticism 1

Cur Deus Homo (Late)

#47 · 1077–78 (Abbey of Bec)

Sin is an infinite offence against God's honour requiring infinite satisfaction — which only the God-man can offer

Medieval Christian theology / scholasticism 1

Proslogion

#316 · c. 1295-98 (Eckhart's early German-vernacular work, written for the religious community at Erfurt)

God is "that than which nothing greater can be thought" — and from this single thought, the ontological argument for his existence follows

Medieval German Christian mysticism 1

Vom Abgeschiedenheit (On Detachment) / Counsels on Discernment (Early)

Meister Eckhart (Eckhart von Hochheim)

"The detachment of the spirit" (Abgeschiedenheit) as the central category of Christian mysticism — Eckhart's early German-vernacular spiritual treatise

Medieval German Christian mysticism / cosmological-theological synthesis 1

#254 · 1163-73 (composed in the last decade of Hildegard's life, after the Scivias and the Liber Vitae Meritorum)

Liber Divinorum Operum (Late (the culmination of her visionary trilogy))

#272 · c. 1300-1326 (the scholastic-Latin works composed across Eckhart's academic career)

The "Cosmic Man" — Hildegard's late cosmological-theological synthesis integrating creation, anthropology, and divine providence

Medieval German Christian mysticism / Dominican scholasticism 1

Parisian Questions (Mid-late)

Meister Eckhart (Eckhart von Hochheim)

Eckhart's scholastic Latin works — the philosophical-systematic framework underlying his vernacular German sermons

Medieval German Christian mysticism / Rhineland visionary tradition 1

#253 · 1141-51 (composed in the decade after Hildegard's call to write, ten years after entering the monastic life)

Scivias (Early (the first of her three major visionary works))

Twenty-six visions of the divine — Hildegard's 1141-51 founding work of medieval German visionary theology

Medieval German Christian mysticism / sacred music 1

#326 · c. 1150-79

Symphonia harmoniae caelestium revelationum (Mid-late)

#264 · 1158-63 (the middle work of the visionary trilogy, between Scivias and Liber Divinorum Operum)

"The symphony of the harmony of celestial revelations" — Hildegard's c. 77 liturgical chants and songs

Medieval German Christian mysticism / spiritual psychology 1

Liber Vitae Meritorum (Mid (the middle volume of the visionary trilogy))

#87 · c. 1179 (Córdoba, Andalusia)

Thirty-five vices and thirty-five virtues — Hildegard's middle visionary work, the systematic spiritual-moral treatise

Medieval Islamic philosophy / Andalusian Peripatetic falsafa 1

Faṣl al-Maqāl (The Decisive Treatise) (Late)

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

Philosophy and scripture are two paths to the same truth — when they appear to conflict, the scriptural text requires allegorical interpretation

Medieval Islamic philosophy / Peripatetic falsafa 1

#61 · c. 1014–1027 (compiled during Avicenna's years at Hamadan and Isfahan)

Metaphysics of The Book of Healing (Late)

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)

The distinction of essence and existence, the necessary existent, the giver of forms — Avicenna's metaphysics shaped both Aquinas and the entire later Islamic tradition

Medieval Islamic theology / Ash'arite kalam 1

#88 · 1095 (Baghdad, immediately before his crisis and withdrawal)

The Incoherence of the Philosophers

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad al-Ghazālī

The philosophers contradict themselves on twenty crucial points — and on three of them (the eternity of the world, divine knowledge of particulars, bodily resurrection) they contradict the Quran

Medieval Italian Catholic theology 1

#648 · c. 1316-21

Paradiso (Divine Comedy, Cantica III) (Late)

#176 · c. 1308-1320 (composed during Dante's exile from Florence; completed shortly before his death in 1321)

Dante's c. 1316-21 Paradiso — culminating book of the Divine Comedy, ascent to the Beatific Vision

Medieval Italian Christian literature / Scholastic theological allegory 1

Divine Comedy: Inferno (Late (Dante's exile years))

"In the middle of the journey of our life" — Dante's descent through nine circles of Hell, guided by Virgil, in the first canticle of the Divine Comedy

Medieval Italian poetry / dolce stil novo 1

#303 · c. 1295

Vita Nuova (Early (Dante's first major work))

#304 · 1304-07 (composed during the early years of Dante's exile from Florence; unfinished — four of fifteen planned books completed)

The early life of love for Beatrice — Dante's c. 1295 prosimetric autobiographical work, the prelude to the Divine Comedy

Medieval Italian vernacular philosophy 1

Convivio (Mid (early years of exile, preceding the Comedy))

#49 · c. 1185–1190 (Cairo)

A "banquet" of philosophical knowledge in vernacular Italian — Dante's 1304-07 unfinished prosimetric work, the major early vernacular philosophical text

Medieval Jewish philosophy / Aristotelian falsafa 1

The Guide of the Perplexed

Reason and revelation in concord — God is purely incorporeal, the Torah's anthropomorphisms are figurative, and the perplexed reader can be guided

Medieval Jewish philosophy / rabbinic responsa literature 1

#911 · c. 1172

Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178))

Stand firm: forced conversion does not nullify Jewish identity, false messiahs are tests, persecution itself is the negative proof of Israel's vocation

Medieval Jewish theology and law 2

#367 · c. 1158-68

Commentary on the Mishnah (Early-mid)

#229 · c. 1170-80 (the second of Maimonides's three major works; preceding the Guide of the Perplexed of c. 1190)

Maimonides's major early systematic commentary on the Mishnah

Mishneh Torah (Mid (the major legal work, between the early Commentary on the Mishnah and the late Guide of the Perplexed))

#1781 · c. 1344–1373 (dictated over nearly thirty years; Latin translations by confessors)

The "Second Torah" — Maimonides's comprehensive code organising the entire Jewish legal tradition into fourteen systematic books

Medieval Latin Christian visionary literature 1

Revelations (Revelationes Caelestes)

Birgitta of Sweden

Christ and the Virgin speak to a Swedish noblewoman — prophetic commands to reform the Church, recall popes from Avignon, and renew Christendom

Medieval Latin theology 2

#1063 · c. 1080-85

On Truth (Mature)

Truth as "rectitude" — Anselm's philosophical analysis of truth in propositions, opinions, will, action, sensation, and substantial being

#1064 · c. 1080-85

On Free Will (Mature)

Free will as the power to preserve rightness of will for its own sake — Anselm's distinctive medieval definition

Medieval Latin theology / Benedictine monasticism 1

#1757 · c. 1078

On Behalf of the Fool

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers

The perfect island objection — if Anselm's argument proves God exists, it proves everything perfect exists, which is absurd

Medieval Latin theology / scholasticism 1

#1062 · c. 1094-98

Cur Deus Homo (Late-mature)