Reformed / Calvinist Theology
Reformed theology holds that the triune God of Scripture is the sovereign creator and sustainer of all things. God creates time, space, matter, and energy ex nihilo, and governs every event by his providence — including human choices, which are nonetheless real and responsible. Human knowledge is creaturely and derivative; only God possesses exhaustive omniscience. The observer is embodied, finite, and called to image God through active moral engagement within creation.
I. Time
| Extent | Finite |
| Ontological Status | Substantival |
| Grain | Continuous |
| Freedom | Deterministic |
| Traversability | Linear |
| Dimensionality | One |
| Direction | Uni-directional |
Time is substantival and finite — created by God ex nihilo, it had a beginning and will have an eschatological consummation. Time is deterministic in the sense that God's eternal decree encompasses all events, though human choices are genuine and morally responsible within that decree. Time is continuous, linear, and uni-directional: history moves purposefully from creation through redemption to glorification.
II. Space
| Extent | Finite |
| Ontological Status | Substantival |
| Curvature | Flat |
| Dimensionality | Three |
| Locality | Local |
Space is substantival, finite, and flat — part of God's created order, real and good. It is local and three-dimensional: creaturely existence is always spatially situated. God is omnipresent in and through all of space without being contained by it; space exists as the arena of God's providential action.
III. Matter
| Extent | Finite |
| Ontological Status | Substantival |
| Conservation | Conserved |
| Dimensionality | Three |
| Locality | Local |
Matter is substantival and finite — created ex nihilo, it is real, good, and sustained by God's continual providence. Matter is conserved through God's faithful upholding of creation's regularities (natural law). It is local: material substances occupy determinate positions and interact through God-ordained secondary causes.
IV. Observer
| Time Instance | Single |
| Space Instance | Single |
| Extent of Knowledge | Immediate |
| Retainment of Knowledge | Total |
| Physicality | Embodied |
| Agency | Passive |
| Number | Plural |
V. Energy
Energy is substantival and finite — part of God's created order, governed by natural laws that reflect divine wisdom. Conservation holds because God faithfully sustains the regularities of creation. Dispersibility is irreversible within the created order, reflecting the directional movement of history toward its eschatological end.
VI. Information
God possesses exhaustive foreknowledge — all information about every event, past, present, and future, is known to God with perfect certainty. Created information is sustained by divine providence. Information is substantival because God's knowledge is a real feature of reality. It is conserved because nothing escapes God's omniscience. It is continuous because God's knowledge is infinite and undivided.