School #5

Phenomenology

Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty

Phenomenology focuses on the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness. It seeks to explore the essence of experiences from the first-person perspective.

I. Time

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Emergent
Grain Continuous
Freedom Non-Deterministic
Traversability Linear
Dimensionality One
Direction Uni-directional

Time is emergent from consciousness — Husserl's analysis of internal time-consciousness reveals time as the fundamental form of subjective experience. The "living present" is structured by retention (just-past) and protention (about-to-come), making temporal flow an irreducible feature of intentionality. Time is continuous and linear, flowing uni-directionally from the first-person perspective. It is finite because lived experience is bounded by birth and death.

II. Space

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Emergent
Curvature Flat
Dimensionality Three
Locality Local

Space is emergent and constituted through embodied perception — Merleau-Ponty showed that spatial experience is inseparable from the lived body. Space is not a neutral container but the field of possible action organized around the body's orientation. It is local, flat, and three-dimensional as experienced, because the phenomenologist describes the structures of experience as they appear to consciousness.

III. Matter

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Emergent
Conservation Conserved
Dimensionality Three
Locality Local

Matter is emergent — it appears to consciousness as the resistance and texture of the perceived world. The phenomenologist brackets the question of matter's independent existence (epoche) and describes it as a phenomenon: what shows itself in the act of perceiving. Matter is conserved in the sense that perceived objects exhibit stable, repeating patterns, and local because material things present themselves from particular spatial perspectives.

IV. Observer

Time Instance Single
Space Instance Single
Extent of Knowledge Immediate
Retainment of Knowledge Immediate
Physicality Embodied
Agency Active
Number Plural
Time Instance: Single — consciousness is always directed at the present moment of experience (the "living present"); all experience is organized around the now
Space Instance: Single — the embodied observer is always situated in a particular spatial environment from which the world is perceived
Extent of Knowledge: Immediate — phenomenological knowledge is limited to the structures of conscious experience as they appear to the first-person perspective
Retainment of Knowledge: Immediate — the focus is on immediate phenomenal experience, though retention and recollection are recognized as integral parts of time-consciousness

V. Energy

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Emergent
Conservation Conserved
Dispersibility Irreversible

Energy is emergent — it is a concept constituted within the natural scientific attitude, not a pre-given feature of lived experience. The phenomenologist treats energy as a theoretical construct that structures our understanding of change and persistence. Conservation and irreversibility are features of the scientific framework applied to phenomena, not of the phenomena as immediately lived.

VI. Information

Ontological Status Relational
Conservation Conserved
Granularity Continuous

Information is constituted in the intentional relation between consciousness and phenomena — it does not exist independently of a consciousness that apprehends it, nor purely in the mind without a world to intend. It is relational by definition and conserved in the phenomenological sense that every experience leaves a trace.

← #4 Pragmatism All Schools #6 Relativism →

Jump to school

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 #24 #25 #26 #27 #28 #29 #30 #31 #32 #33 #34 #35 #36 #37 #38 #39 #40 #41 #42 #43 #44 #45 #46 #47 #48 #49 #50 #51 #52 #53 #54 #55 #56 #57 #58 #59 #60 #61