School #50

Neutral Monism

Spinoza, William James, Bertrand Russell, Ernst Mach

Neutral Monism holds that the fundamental substance of reality is neither mental nor physical but a third, neutral kind. Mind and matter are co-equal aspects or arrangements of this underlying neutral stuff, which is more basic than either the mental or the physical considered in isolation.

I. Time

Extent Infinite
Ontological Status Emergent
Grain Continuous
Freedom Non-Deterministic
Traversability Linear
Dimensionality One
Direction Uni-directional

Time is relational and infinite — it is constituted by the temporal ordering of neutral elements rather than existing as an independent container. Russell and James held that "experience" is neither mental nor physical but neutral stuff organized temporally. Time is continuous, linear, and uni-directional as an emergent feature of how neutral elements are arranged.

II. Space

Extent Infinite
Ontological Status Emergent
Curvature Undefined
Dimensionality Three
Locality Non-local

Space is relational and infinite — it is constituted by the spatial ordering of neutral elements. Space is flat, local, and three-dimensional as a feature of the arrangement of neutral stuff. Neither physical space nor mental space is fundamental; both emerge from the same underlying neutral reality organized differently.

III. Matter

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Emergent
Conservation Conserved
Dimensionality Three
Locality Non-local

Matter is relational and finite — it is one way of organizing neutral elements, not a fundamental substance. What we call "matter" is neutral stuff arranged in physical patterns; what we call "mind" is the same stuff arranged in experiential patterns. Matter is conserved and local within the physical organization, but its ultimate nature is neither material nor mental.

IV. Observer

Time Instance Single
Space Instance Single
Extent of Knowledge Immediate
Retainment of Knowledge Total
Physicality Both
Agency Both
Number Plural
Time Instance: Single — the observer exists at a single moment within the temporal series; neutral elements are arranged in temporal patterns that constitute the observer's present experience
Space Instance: Single — the observer is a particular arrangement of neutral elements at a specific spatial location; the "here" of experience is one configuration among many
Extent of Knowledge: Immediate — the observer has direct access only to the neutral elements composing its present experience; knowledge of other arrangements is inferential and incomplete
Retainment of Knowledge: Total — memory is a real arrangement of neutral elements that persists; the observer cumulatively retains its experiential history as a structured pattern within the neutral substrate
Physicality: Both — since the neutral substrate is neither purely mental nor purely physical, the observer is simultaneously both; the distinction between embodied and disembodied dissolves at the fundamental level
Agency: Both — the observer is active insofar as mental arrangements organize and direct experience, and passive insofar as it is constituted by neutral elements that are not themselves chosen; agency and receptivity are two aspects of the same neutral process
Consciousness: Present — consciousness is a real pattern of arrangement among neutral elements; it is not reducible to the physical nor detachable as purely mental, but genuinely present as a feature of certain configurations
Number: Plural — multiple distinct arrangements of neutral elements constitute multiple observers; each observer is a unique configuration, though all share the same underlying neutral substance

V. Energy

Extent Infinite
Ontological Status Emergent
Conservation Conserved
Dispersibility Irreversible

Infinite and emergent — energy is not a fundamental substance but an emergent pattern of organization within the neutral substrate; it arises when neutral elements are arranged in certain dynamical configurations. Conservation: Conserved — the total neutral substrate is conserved across all transformations; energy conservation is a feature of how neutral elements redistribute but never increase or decrease in total. Dispersibility: Irreversible — the asymmetry of temporal experience reflects an irreversible pattern in how neutral elements arrange and rearrange; configurations move toward greater dispersal without spontaneous reversal.

VI. Information

Ontological Status Substantival
Conservation Conserved
Granularity Continuous

The neutral substrate may be informational — neither purely mental nor purely physical but something that gives rise to both. Information is a strong candidate for the neutral ground. Information is substantival because it is the fundamental stuff. It is conserved because the neutral substrate is not created or destroyed. It is continuous because the neutral substrate is not inherently quantized.

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