Dualism

Time is emergent — it governs the physical realm of res extensa but may not apply in the same way to the non-physical mind (res cogitans). The physical body exists in finite, linear, continuous time, while the immaterial mind may transcend ordinary temporal constraints. Time is uni-directional for the body but potentially less constrained for the soul.

Space is substantival in the physical domain — res extensa occupies space as its defining characteristic. It is flat, finite, local, and three-dimensional. The non-physical mind (res cogitans) is not spatially extended at all, creating the central problem of how mind and body interact across the spatial-non-spatial divide.

Matter is emergent in the dualist framework — it is one of two fundamental substances, defined by spatial extension (res extensa). Matter is finite, conserved, and locally situated, following mechanical laws. But matter alone cannot explain consciousness; the immaterial mind (res cogitans) is a separate, non-material substance that interacts with matter through the body.

Energy is substantival in the physical domain — it governs the mechanical operations of res extensa according to conservation laws. Conservation is variable because the interaction between mind and matter may introduce causal influences that do not conserve physical energy. Dispersibility is irreversible within the physical realm.

Information exists in both mental and physical domains. Physical information is conserved by natural law; mental information may follow different rules. Information is emergent in the sense that meaningful content arises from the interaction between mind and matter.