School #7

Determinism

Laplace, Spinoza

Determinism holds that all events, including moral choices, are determined completely by previously existing causes. This is often contrasted with free will.

I. Time

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Substantival
Grain Continuous
Freedom Deterministic
Traversability Linear
Dimensionality One
Direction Uni-directional

Time is substantival and finite — a real, independent dimension within which all events are necessitated by prior causes. Time is continuous, linear, and uni-directional: the causal chain proceeds inexorably from past to future with no branching or reversal. Determinism treats time as a one-dimensional track along which Laplace's demon could in principle trace every event from initial conditions to final outcome.

II. Space

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Substantival
Curvature Flat
Dimensionality Three
Locality Local

Space is substantival, finite, and flat — an objective container in which causally determined events unfold. It is local: every interaction is mediated by spatial proximity and obeys the laws of physics. Space is three-dimensional and operates according to strict causal principles that leave no room for spontaneous, uncaused events.

III. Matter

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Substantival
Conservation Conserved
Dimensionality Three
Locality Local

Matter is substantival, finite, and locally situated — it obeys deterministic causal laws without exception. Conservation is strict: matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely rearranged by the inexorable working of physical causation. Every configuration of matter is fully determined by the preceding configuration plus the laws of nature.

IV. Observer

Time Instance Single
Space Instance Single
Extent of Knowledge Total
Retainment of Knowledge Total
Physicality Embodied
Agency Passive
Number Plural
Time Instance: Single — the observer is fixed at a specific point in a predetermined causal chain; their temporal position is itself determined
Space Instance: Single — the observer's spatial position is also causally determined by prior events
Extent of Knowledge: Total — in principle, a sufficiently powerful intellect (Laplace's demon) could know all of reality from initial conditions; total knowledge is theoretically achievable
Retainment of Knowledge: Total — memory and knowledge retention are themselves determined states; total causal retention is theoretically possible

V. Energy

Extent Finite
Ontological Status Substantival
Conservation Conserved
Dispersibility Irreversible

Energy is substantival and finite — it is a real, independently existing quantity governed by deterministic physical laws. Conservation is strict: the total energy of the universe is fixed and every transformation is precisely determined. Dispersibility is irreversible, following the deterministic arrow of entropy.

VI. Information

Ontological Status Substantival
Conservation Conserved
Granularity Continuous

Complete information about initial conditions determines all future states — the universe is an informationally closed system with no surprises. Information is substantival and strictly conserved.

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