Works

#901

The Power of Now (Late)

Eckhart Tolle · 1997 (Canada); 2004 (revised US)

Contemporary spiritual treatise · Late-twentieth-century contemporary spirituality

Tolle's 1997 founding work of contemporary popular spirituality — the eternal present moment

25% mysticism 15% energetic-wellness 15% buddhism 15% advaita-vedanta 10% christianity 5% phenomenology 5% humanism 5% existentialism 5% pragmatic-realism +6

#902

Experiencing God (Late)

Henry T. Blackaby and Claude V. King · 1990 (workbook); 1994 (book)

Evangelical small-group study workbook · Late-twentieth-century American evangelical Protestantism

Blackaby's 1990 evangelical-Protestant guide to knowing and doing God's will

40% evangelical-protestantism 25% christianity 15% pietism 5% phenomenology 5% mysticism 5% protestant-reformation 5% humanism +4

#903

The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Late (Husserl's last work, written in Freiburg under Nazi proscription))

Edmund Husserl · 1934-37 (parts I & II in Philosophia 1936; full edition Husserliana VI, 1954)

Philosophical treatise (late, fragmentary) · Transcendental phenomenology

The crisis of European reason is the forgetting of the pre-scientific lifeworld — phenomenology recovers it

50% phenomenology 15% kantian-transcendental-idealism 10% critical-realism 10% rationalism 5% existentialism 5% constructivism 5% idealism +4

#904

The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Late (Bergson's last major book, written after a long convalescence))

Henri Bergson · 1932 (Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, Paris: Alcan; English trans. R. Ashley Audra & Cloudesley Brereton 1935)

Philosophical treatise · French process philosophy / philosophy of religion

Two moralities — closed and open — and two religions — static and dynamic — are not stages of a single process but two distinct sources, the second always exceptional and always personal

25% process-philosophy 20% process-theology 15% phenomenology 10% naturalism 10% liberal-theology 5% spinozist-pantheism 5% pragmatism +4

#905

The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language (Early-to-middle (Carnap's most polemical statement of the verificationist programme))

Rudolf Carnap · 1932 (Erkenntnis 2; English trans. Arthur Pap, 1959)

Philosophical essay · Logical positivism (Vienna Circle)

Metaphysical statements are not false — they are cognitively meaningless pseudo-statements

50% logical-positivism 15% empiricism 10% analytic-metaphysics 10% naturalism 5% pragmatism 5% constructivism 5% rationalism 8% analytic-philosophy +5

#906

An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution to Einstein's Field Equations (Mature (the Princeton period — Gödel's only published paper in general relativity))

Kurt Gödel · 1949 (Reviews of Modern Physics 21, in the Einstein 70th-birthday Festschrift)

Physics-cosmology paper · General relativity / philosophy of time

A mathematically consistent rotating universe in which closed timelike curves exist — time-travel into the past is permitted by Einstein's equations

25% eternalism 20% platonism-classical 15% realism 15% analytic-metaphysics 10% multiverse-theory 10% rationalism +3

#907

The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview (Late (Nishida's final completed essay, written months before his death))

Nishida Kitarō · 1945 (composed Feb-April 1945; published posthumously)

Philosophical essay · Kyoto School / Japanese phenomenology and Mahāyāna philosophy

Reality is the self-determination of the absolute Nothing — the basho ("place") in which every individual finds and loses itself

30% buddhism 15% phenomenology 15% idealism 15% pure-land-buddhism 10% neo-platonism 5% process-philosophy +3

#908

Life's Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World (Late (Næss's closing popular statement, written at 86))

Arne Næss · 1998 (Norwegian original Livsfilosofi: Et personlig bidrag om følelser og fornuft, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget); English 2002

Personal-philosophical essay · Deep ecology / Norwegian philosophical naturalism

A flourishing life expands the self until it identifies with the larger living world

40% deep-ecology 20% spinozist-pantheism 10% phenomenology 10% existentialism 10% pragmatism 5% naturalism +3

#909

Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now (Mature (Lanier's short polemical follow-up to Who Owns the Future?, 2013, and Dawn of the New Everything, 2017))

Jaron Lanier · 2018

Polemical essay / popular tech-criticism · Twenty-first-century tech humanism

Social media platforms are behaviour-modification engines — leaving them is the precondition of being a free agent in the digital era

20% critical-realism 15% pragmatism 15% virtual-realism 10% existentialism 5% postmodernism 5% naturalism +3

#910

Translations and commentaries on Aristotle's Categories (Mature (the late translation programme Boethius announced and partly completed before his death))

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius · c. 510-23 (the translations and commentary cycle, completed in Boethius's last years before his 524 execution)

Translation cycle with double commentaries · Late-antique Neoplatonist Aristotelianism / Latin scholastic logic

The single channel through which Aristotelian logic — the Organon — reached the Latin West for six centuries

25% catholic-thomistic 25% neo-platonism 15% platonism-classical 15% realism 10% rationalism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity +3

#911

Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen, c. 1172) and the responsa (Middle (between the Commentary on the Mishnah, 1168, and the Mishneh Torah, completed 1178))

Moses Maimonides (Rambam) · c. 1172

Pastoral epistle (responsum) · Medieval Jewish philosophy / rabbinic responsa literature

Stand firm: forced conversion does not nullify Jewish identity, false messiahs are tests, persecution itself is the negative proof of Israel's vocation

50% jewish-philosophy-maimonidean 15% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 15% rationalism 10% liberal-theology 5% neo-platonism 5% critical-realism +3

#912

Modern Moral Philosophy (Mature (the journal paper that reshaped Anglophone moral philosophy))

G. E. M. Anscombe (Elizabeth Anscombe) · 1958 (Philosophy 33, no. 124)

Philosophical journal article · Twentieth-century analytic ethics / virtue-ethics revival

Modern moral philosophy should be set aside until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology — and a "moral ought" without divine law is incoherent

30% catholic-thomistic 20% analytic-metaphysics 10% phenomenology 10% realism 10% rationalism 10% pragmatic-realism +3

#913

Duration and Simultaneity (Mature (the disastrous engagement with Einstein that damaged Bergson's standing among physicists))

Henri Bergson · 1922 (Durée et Simultanéité: à propos de la théorie d'Einstein, Paris: Alcan; revised 2nd edn 1923)

Philosophical critique of a scientific theory · French process philosophy / philosophy of physics

Special relativity's "time" is a measurement-coordinate, not the durée of lived experience — the two are not commensurable

25% process-philosophy 20% phenomenology 15% critical-realism 10% idealism 10% rationalism 5% naturalism +3

#914

Laughter (Early-mature (between Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution))

Henri Bergson · 1900 (Le Rire: Essai sur la signification du comique, Revue de Paris; book edition 1900; revised many times through 1924)

Philosophical essay · French process philosophy / philosophy of aesthetics

We laugh at "the mechanical encrusted upon the living" — laughter is the social corrective for inflexibility

25% process-philosophy 20% naturalism 15% phenomenology 10% pragmatism 10% realism 5% idealism +3

#915

Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Late (Murdoch's longest and most ambitious philosophical book, published nine years after the Gifford Lectures))

Iris Murdoch · 1992 (Chatto & Windus, based on the 1982 Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh)

Philosophical treatise · Twentieth-century British moral philosophy / Platonist moral realism

The Good is the metaphysical reality that moral attention discloses — and structuralism is a fashionable nihilism

30% platonism-classical 20% realism 15% liberal-theology 10% neo-platonism 10% phenomenology 10% analytic-metaphysics 5% buddhism +4

#916

The Bell (Early-mature (Murdoch's fourth novel, the first to establish her mature manner))

Iris Murdoch · 1958 (Chatto & Windus)

Novel · Twentieth-century British philosophical fiction

The ancient bell rises from the lake — and so do the buried desires of the lay community gathered beside the Imber Abbey

20% platonism-classical 15% realism 15% liberal-theology 10% phenomenology 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% analytic-metaphysics 5% neo-platonism +4

#917

The Fragility of Goodness (Mature (the book that established Nussbaum as a major figure))

Martha Nussbaum · 1986 (Cambridge UP; revised 2001 with substantial new preface)

Philosophical treatise / philosophical engagement with Greek tragedy and philosophy · Twentieth-century neo-Aristotelian ethics / philosophy and literature

A human life worth living is constitutively vulnerable to luck — what tragedy shows, philosophy must accept

20% platonism-classical 20% realism 15% phenomenology 10% catholic-thomistic 5% liberal-theology 10% pragmatic-realism +3

#918

Upheavals of Thought (Late-mature (Nussbaum's magnum opus, eight years in the writing after the Gifford Lectures))

Martha Nussbaum · 2001 (Cambridge UP; based on the Gifford Lectures, Edinburgh, 1993)

Philosophical treatise · Twentieth-century neo-Aristotelian / neo-Stoic philosophy of emotion

Emotions are not blind tremors but cognitive judgements of value — they have intelligence and require it

25% stoicism 15% analytic-metaphysics 15% realism 15% phenomenology 10% platonism-classical 5% liberal-theology 5% catholic-thomistic +4

#919

On Violence (Late (Arendt's most-cited short political essay, written in response to the 1968 student movements))

Hannah Arendt · 1969 (New York Review of Books, Feb 27); 1970 (Harcourt expanded book edition)

Political essay · Twentieth-century political philosophy

Violence is not power's highest expression but its substitute when power has failed

20% phenomenology 15% critical-realism 10% existentialism 5% liberal-theology 10% pragmatism 5% postmodernism 5% rationalism +4

#920

Men in Dark Times (Late (collected from essays spanning more than a decade))

Hannah Arendt · 1968 (Harcourt Brace; essays composed 1955-67, several in New Yorker, Merkur, etc.)

Collection of biographical-philosophical essays · Twentieth-century political philosophy / philosophical biography

In dark times, the moral lucidity of particular individuals lights what general theory cannot illuminate

20% phenomenology 15% existentialism 10% liberal-theology 10% pragmatism 10% critical-realism 5% postmodernism 5% realism +4

#921

Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Mature (Kripke's second major book after Naming and Necessity, 1980))

Saul Kripke · 1982 (Harvard UP; based on 1976 Wolfson College lecture, 1977 Princeton seminars)

Philosophical monograph · Twentieth-century analytic philosophy of language / Wittgenstein scholarship

There is no fact of the matter about what a rule "requires" — the meaning skeptic's challenge is the real heart of Wittgenstein's later philosophy

30% analytic-metaphysics 10% logical-positivism 15% pragmatism 10% structuralism 10% constructivism 5% postmodernism 10% naturalism 8% analytic-philosophy +5

#922

On What Matters (Late (Parfit's final, three-decade-in-the-making work — his second after Reasons and Persons, 1984))

Derek Parfit · 2011 (Vols I & II, Oxford UP); 2017 (Vol III, Oxford UP — published months after Parfit's death)

Three-volume philosophical treatise · Twenty-first-century analytic ethics / moral realism

Kantian ethics, contractualism, and rule-consequentialism climb the same mountain from different sides — and what we ought to do is independently real

25% analytic-metaphysics 20% kantian-transcendental-idealism 20% realism 15% rationalism 5% naturalism 5% pragmatism 5% liberal-theology +4

#923

An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution (Late (Wollstonecraft's last completed major non-fiction work, three years before her death))

Mary Wollstonecraft · 1794 (Vol. I only — the projected continuation was never written)

Historical-philosophical narrative · British radical Enlightenment / republicanism

The principles of 1789 are sound — the Terror is their corruption, not their fulfilment

20% rationalism 15% liberal-theology 15% realism 10% critical-realism 5% phenomenology 10% pragmatic-realism 10% pragmatism +4

#924

Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Early (Wollstonecraft's first published book, written from her experience as a governess and a school proprietress))

Mary Wollstonecraft · 1787 (J. Johnson, London)

Conduct manual / educational essay · British dissenting Enlightenment / women's educational reform

A rational education makes a rational woman — and the first task of the educator is to free the female mind from the constant pressure to please

25% rationalism 15% liberal-theology 15% empiricism 15% pragmatic-realism 10% realism 10% pragmatism +3

#925

Aion (Late (one of Jung's last and most ambitious works, written in his mid-seventies))

Carl Gustav Jung · 1951 (Aion: Untersuchungen zur Symbolgeschichte, Rascher, Zurich; English trans. R.F.C. Hull, Collected Works vol. 9, pt II, 1959)

Depth-psychological / religious-symbolic treatise · Analytical psychology / Jungian depth psychology

The Christ-symbol is the symbol of the Self — and the historical "age of Aion" demands the integration of the shadow that the Christ-image has projected outward

20% neo-platonism 20% hermeticism 10% catholic-thomistic 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% idealism 10% phenomenology 5% realism 8% gnosticism +5

#926

The Red Book (Middle (the personal experimental record from which all of Jung's later theoretical work emerged))

Carl Gustav Jung · 1914-30 (composed in calligraphic script with painted illuminations; published 2009 by W. W. Norton, ed. Sonu Shamdasani)

Illuminated manuscript / depth-psychological visionary text · Analytical psychology / visionary literature

The seed-text of Jungian depth psychology — Jung's personal record of the active-imagination experiments that produced the archetypal framework

25% hermeticism 15% neo-platonism 15% phenomenology 10% idealism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% process-philosophy +3

#927

The Undiscovered Self (Late (one of Jung's last short works, written at 82))

Carl Gustav Jung · 1957 (Schweizer Monatshefte; book edition Rascher, Zurich; English trans. R.F.C. Hull, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1958)

Cultural-psychological essay · Analytical psychology / Cold War cultural criticism

The mass society and the totalitarian state are the external symptoms of an inner condition — the undiscovered Self

15% existentialism 15% critical-realism 10% phenomenology 15% liberal-theology 10% pragmatic-realism 10% idealism +3

#928

De Officiis (Late (Cicero's last completed philosophical work, written in the months before his proscription and execution))

Marcus Tullius Cicero · 44 BC (composed at Tusculum, October-December 44 BC, in the months between Caesar's assassination and Cicero's own death in December 43 BC)

Philosophical treatise in three books, in the form of a letter to his son Marcus · Roman Stoicism / Latin philosophical literature

Where the honourable and the useful seem to conflict, the conflict is illusory — the honourable is always also the truly useful

30% stoicism 10% platonism-classical 20% catholic-thomistic 15% rationalism 10% realism 10% pragmatic-realism 5% liberal-theology +4

#929

De Re Publica (Mid-mature (Cicero's political philosophical synthesis, composed during the breakdown of the late Republic))

Marcus Tullius Cicero · 54-51 BC (composed during a period of political withdrawal from active life)

Philosophical dialogue in six books (partly fragmentary; Books I-II and the closing Somnium Scipionis substantially preserved) · Roman political philosophy / republicanism

The best constitution is mixed — combining the strengths of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy — and the just statesman serves a cosmic order that outlasts his political career

25% stoicism 25% platonism-classical 15% realism 15% pragmatic-realism 10% catholic-thomistic 10% rationalism 10% neo-platonism +4

#930

Tusculan Disputations (Late (composed in the year of Cicero's daughter's death, in his most intense period of philosophical writing))

Marcus Tullius Cicero · 45 BC (Tusculanae Disputationes; composed at Tusculum after the death of his daughter Tullia)

Philosophical treatise in five books, in dialogue form · Roman Stoicism / Latin philosophical consolation literature

Virtue alone suffices for the happy life — death is not an evil, pain is bearable, the passions can be governed

30% stoicism 15% platonism-classical 15% rationalism 5% pyrrhonism 10% catholic-thomistic 10% pragmatic-realism 5% epicureanism +4

#931

Convention: A Philosophical Study (Early (Lewis's first book, published at 28, the year he began at UCLA))

David Lewis · 1969 (Harvard UP; based on his 1967 Harvard PhD dissertation under W. V. O. Quine)

Philosophical monograph in five chapters · Analytic philosophy of language / formal pragmatics

A convention is a stable solution to a coordination problem — and the conventions of language are not arbitrary but rationally selected for mutual benefit

25% analytic-metaphysics 15% pragmatism 15% naturalism 15% constructivism 10% structuralism 15% rationalism 5% logical-positivism 8% analytic-philosophy 8% modal-realism +6

#932

Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Mature (after Mere Christianity and Screwtape; the most philosophical of Lewis's apologetic works))

C. S. Lewis · 1947 (Bles, London; revised 1960 chapter 3 after Anscombe's 1948 Socratic Club critique)

Philosophical apologetics · Twentieth-century Anglican apologetics / Christian philosophy

Naturalism is self-refuting — and if naturalism fails, the antecedent improbability of miracles disappears

20% catholic-thomistic 20% realism 10% liberal-theology 15% rationalism 10% analytic-metaphysics 10% evangelical-protestantism 5% naturalism 6% anglicanism +5

#933

Disputed Questions on Truth (Early-mature (Aquinas's first major work after the Sentences commentary))

Thomas Aquinas · 1256-59 (Paris, during Aquinas's first regency)

Disputed questions (29 questions, 253 articles) · High medieval scholasticism / Thomistic theology

Truth is the conformity of intellect with thing — the foundational scholastic treatment of truth, knowledge, and divine cognition

40% catholic-thomistic 20% realism 10% platonism-classical 15% rationalism 5% neo-platonism 10% hylomorphism 8% thomism +4

#934

On Evil (Late (Aquinas's mature treatment of evil and the passions, parallel to the Summa))

Thomas Aquinas · 1269-72 (Paris, during Aquinas's second regency, contemporaneous with Summa Theologiae I-II)

Disputed questions (16 questions, 101 articles) · High medieval scholasticism / Thomistic moral metaphysics

Evil is the privation of a due good — not a positive reality, and the ground of every defect from physical pain to original sin

40% catholic-thomistic 15% realism 10% neo-platonism 15% hylomorphism 10% rationalism 5% platonism-classical 5% liberal-theology 8% thomism +5

#935

Compendium of Theology (Late (begun during the Roman regency, unfinished at Aquinas's death))

Thomas Aquinas · 1265-67 (begun in Rome, broken off after Aquinas's 1273 mystical experience)

Theological compendium (organised around faith, hope, and charity) · High medieval scholasticism / Thomistic theology

A compact synthesis of the whole of theology around the three theological virtues — Aquinas's short summary for his secretary

40% catholic-thomistic 15% realism 15% hylomorphism 15% rationalism 5% platonism-classical 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% neo-platonism 8% thomism +5

#936

Colloquia (Mature (the work that grew through Erasmus's most productive decades and was repeatedly enlarged))

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam · 1518 (first edition Familiarium Colloquiorum Formulae); enlarged 1519, 1522, 1524, 1526, 1529, 1533

Dialogues · Northern Renaissance humanism / Latin Christian satire

Latin conversation exercises that became a vehicle for satirical-philosophical Christianity — and a perennial Protestant-Catholic battlefield

25% liberal-theology 15% catholic-thomistic 10% rationalism 15% pragmatic-realism 5% pyrrhonism 5% platonism-classical +3

#937

De Libero Arbitrio (Late (the treatise that publicly broke the Erasmus-Luther alliance, written after seven years of pressure for Erasmus to declare his position))

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam · 1524 (De Libero Arbitrio ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ sive Collatio, Froben, Basel)

Theological treatise · Northern Renaissance humanism / Catholic moderate reform

The Bible itself does not univocally settle the question of free will — therefore we should hold the moderate position the Fathers and the Church have always held

25% catholic-thomistic 15% liberal-theology 15% pyrrhonism 10% rationalism 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% pragmatic-realism 5% platonism-classical +4

#938

Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) (Mature (the work that established Erasmus's international reputation and reshaped biblical scholarship))

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam · 1516 (Novum Instrumentum omne, Froben, Basel — first edition); revised 1519, 1522, 1527, 1535

Critical edition with translation and annotations · Northern Renaissance philology / Christian humanism

Return to the sources — the Greek New Testament made available, with new Latin translation, against the inherited Vulgate

20% liberal-theology 10% catholic-thomistic 15% rationalism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% realism 10% pragmatic-realism +3

#939

On Learned Ignorance (Mature (the founding work of Cusa's philosophical career, composed at age 39))

Nicholas of Cusa (Nicolaus Cusanus) · 1440 (composed on the return voyage from the failed Council of Florence union with the Greeks)

Philosophical treatise in three books · Late medieval / Renaissance Christian Platonism / Neoplatonic mystical theology

The infinite Maximum cannot be known by finite reason — and recognising this is itself the highest knowledge

30% neo-platonism 15% platonism-classical 10% catholic-thomistic 15% idealism 10% realism 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 5% hermeticism 8% christian-mysticism +5

#940

The Vision of God (Mature (one of Cusa's most condensed and beautiful late works))

Nicholas of Cusa (Nicolaus Cusanus) · 1453 (composed for the Benedictine monks of Tegernsee, sent with an icon of an all-seeing face)

Mystical theological meditation · Late medieval / Renaissance Christian Platonism / Neoplatonic mystical theology

The all-seeing icon meets every viewer's gaze — and so does the God whose seeing is the source of all things' being

30% neo-platonism 20% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% catholic-thomistic 10% idealism 10% platonism-classical 10% phenomenology 5% liberal-theology 8% christian-mysticism +5

#941

On Conjectures (Mature (the systematic epistemological development of the docta-ignorantia framework))

Nicholas of Cusa (Nicolaus Cusanus) · c. 1442-43 (composed shortly after De Docta Ignorantia, dedicated to Cardinal Cesarini)

Philosophical treatise in two books · Late medieval / Renaissance Christian Platonism / epistemology

All finite knowledge is conjecture — approximation to a truth never fully attained — and recognising this is itself the condition of progress

20% neo-platonism 20% critical-realism 15% platonism-classical 10% idealism 15% pragmatic-realism 10% rationalism 5% catholic-thomistic 8% christian-mysticism +5

#942

Anti-Pelagian writings (Late (Augustine's last great theological controversy, occupying the final two decades of his life))

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus) · 412-30 (the long anti-Pelagian controversy); peak works 426-29

Controversial theological treatises · Patristic Latin theology / North African Catholic Christianity

Grace alone — without prevenient grace the human will, after the Fall, can do nothing salvific

25% catholic-thomistic 25% reformed-calvinist-theology 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% rationalism 15% lutheranism 5% liberal-theology 10% realism 8% augustinianism +5

#943

Opus Tripartitum (Late (Eckhart's most ambitious Latin project, undertaken in the years before the 1326 trial))

Meister Eckhart (Eckhart von Hochheim) · c. 1311-26 (planned during Eckhart's second Paris regency, never completed; only fragments survive)

Unfinished systematic theological-philosophical project · Late medieval Latin scholasticism / Rhineland mysticism

A unified Latin scholastic system organising 1,000 propositions on being, the soul, and God — never completed; only fragments and the biblical commentaries survive

30% neo-platonism 15% catholic-thomistic 15% platonism-classical 10% hylomorphism 10% rationalism 10% idealism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 8% christian-mysticism +5

#945

Reden der Unterweisung (Early (Eckhart's first major vernacular work, written before the trials of his last decade))

Meister Eckhart (Eckhart von Hochheim) · c. 1294-98 (Eckhart's early period as Prior of Erfurt and Vicar of Thuringia, before the first Paris regency)

Spiritual conferences in 23 chapters · Early Rhineland mysticism / German Dominican spiritual instruction

Detachment, "innerness," and the abandonment of self-will — the foundations of the contemplative life

20% catholic-thomistic 20% neo-platonism 10% platonism-classical 5% liberal-theology 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% phenomenology 8% christian-mysticism +4

#947

Vom Edlen Menschen (Mature (probably from the Strasbourg years before the trial))

Meister Eckhart (Eckhart von Hochheim) · c. 1308-13 (Strasbourg or Paris period)

Spiritual treatise · Rhineland mysticism / German Dominican spiritual writing

The noble man is the soul that has known itself in its divine ground — and that ground is one with God's own ground

30% neo-platonism 15% platonism-classical 10% catholic-thomistic 15% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% idealism 5% liberal-theology 10% rationalism 8% christian-mysticism +5

#948

The Dialogue of Divine Providence (Late (composed in Catherine's last two years, in the midst of her efforts to reform the Church and end the Avignon papacy))

Catherine of Siena (Caterina Benincasa) · c. 1377-78 (composed by dictation in ecstatic states; Catherine could read with difficulty and probably could not write)

Mystical dialogue between the soul and God · Late medieval Italian mysticism / Dominican lay piety

The truth of the Mystical Body, the bridge of Christ, and the reform of the Church — Catherine's ecstatic-political mysticism dictated to scribes

30% catholic-thomistic 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% liberal-theology 15% phenomenology 5% neo-platonism 10% realism 5% platonism-classical +4

#949

Physica and Causae et Curae (Mid-mature (Hildegard's middle period, between her three major visionary works))

Hildegard of Bingen · c. 1150-58 (Rupertsberg, between Scivias and Liber Vitae Meritorum)

Natural-philosophical and medical treatises · Twelfth-century monastic natural philosophy / medieval medicine

The plants, animals, stones, and elements have powers given by God for human healing — a complete medieval natural-medical encyclopedia

15% catholic-thomistic 15% hermeticism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity 15% realism 10% animism-relational-indigenous 10% process-philosophy 10% pragmatic-realism +4

#950

Against Marcion (Mature (Tertullian's longest and most systematic work))

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus · c. 207-12 (composed in three revisions; the third recension is the surviving text)

Theological polemic in five books · Early Latin Christian theology / North African Christianity

There is one God — the Creator of the Old Testament and the Father of Jesus Christ — and the unity of the two Testaments witnesses to it

25% catholic-thomistic 20% realism 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 15% rationalism 5% liberal-theology 5% platonism-classical 10% evangelical-protestantism +4

#951

Against Praxeas (Late (composed in Tertullian's Montanist period but with orthodox Trinitarian content))

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus · c. 213 (in Tertullian's Montanist period)

Theological treatise · Early Latin Christian theology / North African Trinitarianism

There are three Persons in one Substance — the formula "tres personae, una substantia" enters Christian theology

30% catholic-thomistic 15% eastern-orthodox-christianity 15% realism 15% rationalism 10% platonism-classical 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% liberal-theology +4

#952

On the Resurrection of the Flesh (Mature (one of Tertullian's longest and most carefully argued treatises))

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus · c. 210-12

Theological polemic · Early Latin Christian theology / North African Christianity

The same flesh that lived and died will rise — the bodily resurrection is the whole point of the Christian hope, and to spiritualise it is to abandon Christianity

30% catholic-thomistic 20% realism 10% eastern-orthodox-christianity 10% rationalism 10% hylomorphism 5% evangelical-protestantism 5% platonism-classical 6% gnosticism +5

#1624

Kyōgyōshinshō (Mature)

Shinran · c. 1224; revised through c. 1247

Six-fascicle doctrinal compilation · Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land Buddhism)

Salvation by Other Power (tariki) — Amida's vow grants birth in the Pure Land to those who entrust themselves to it

50% pure-land-buddhism 20% buddhism 10% reformed-calvinist-theology 10% liberal-theology 5% phenomenology 5% realism +3

#1625

Tannishō (Posthumous (the principal popular source for Shinran's teaching))

Shinran · c. 1290 (compiled by Yuien-bō about 30 years after Shinran's death)

Short compilation of remembered sayings with corrective comments · Jōdo Shinshū

Even the good person is saved; how much more the evil — Shinran's most-quoted teachings, preserved against corruption

50% pure-land-buddhism 15% buddhism 10% phenomenology 10% liberal-theology 10% reformed-calvinist-theology 5% realism +3

#954

Ocean of Reasoning (Mature (Tsongkhapa's major philosophical-Madhyamaka work))

Tsongkhapa Losang Drakpa · c. 1407

Verse-by-verse commentary on Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā · Tibetan Vajrayāna Buddhism / Gelug Madhyamaka

A verse-by-verse defense of Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka — Nāgārjuna through Candrakīrti, against alternative Tibetan readings

30% tibetan-vajrayana-buddhism 25% buddhism 20% rationalism 10% realism 15% analytic-metaphysics 10% process-philosophy 5% pyrrhonism 8% mahayana-buddhism 8% madhyamaka +6

#955

Al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya fi'l-Asfar al-'Aqliyya al-Arba'a (Late (the synthesis of his entire mature philosophy))

Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi) · composed over Mulla Sadra's mature life, completed c. 1638

Nine-volume philosophical encyclopedia in four journeys (asfar) · Islamic philosophy / Shi'a falsafa / School of Isfahan

The primacy of existence over essence — and the doctrine of substantial motion, change at the level of substance, not just accident

40% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 15% neo-platonism 15% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 15% realism 10% process-philosophy 10% rationalism 5% platonism-classical +4

#957

al-Kashf ʿan Manāhij al-Adilla (Mature)

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) · c. 1180

Theological treatise · Islamic philosophy / Andalusian falsafa

The Ash'arite kalām is defective; the proper proof of God is the philosophical-Aristotelian one that the Qur'ān itself endorses

35% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 20% rationalism 15% realism 10% platonism-classical 15% catholic-thomistic 5% liberal-theology 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity +4

#958

Seven Valleys and Four Valleys (Early (composed before the 1863 proclamation))

Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí) · c. 1856 (Seven Valleys) and c. 1858 (Four Valleys), both Baghdad period

Sufi mystical-poetic letters · Bahá'í Faith / Sufi mystical tradition

The mystical seeker passes through seven valleys to attain the presence of the Beloved

35% bahai-faith 25% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 5% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 10% neo-platonism 10% liberal-theology 10% phenomenology 5% platonism-classical +4

#959

Letters to the Son of the Wolf (Last (less than a year before his 1892 death))

Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí) · 1891 (composed in 'Akká)

Polemical-pastoral epistle · Bahá'í Faith

A defense of the Bahá'í Faith and a survey of its essential teachings — addressed to an Iranian cleric who had ordered Bahá'í executions

50% bahai-faith 20% liberal-theology 10% islamic-philosophy-falsafa 10% sufism-wahdat-al-wujud 10% phenomenology 5% realism 5% pragmatic-realism +4

#960

Jōdo Wasan (Late)

Shinran · 1248 (Shinran in his mid-seventies)

Devotional hymns in Japanese verse · Jōdo Shinshū

Devotional poetry of the Pure Land — Amida's vow, the Pure Land, the lineage of masters who transmitted the Way

50% pure-land-buddhism 15% buddhism 10% phenomenology 5% liberal-theology 10% realism 5% eastern-orthodox-christianity +3

#1626

My Bondage and My Freedom (Mature (Douglass's second autobiography, written after his break with Garrison and the founding of his own newspaper))

Frederick Douglass · 1855 (Miller, Orton & Mulligan, New York)

Autobiography · Nineteenth-century American abolitionist literature

A more philosophical autobiography than the 1845 Narrative — Douglass after the Garrisonian break, reflecting on natural rights, the meaning of citizenship, and the universal aspiration to freedom

20% rationalism 15% liberal-theology 15% realism 10% pragmatism 10% existentialism 10% humanism 10% critical-realism +4

#1627

Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Late (Douglass's third autobiography, covering his post-1855 political career))

Frederick Douglass · 1881 (Park Publishing, Hartford); expanded edition 1892 (De Wolfe, Fiske, Boston)

Autobiography · Nineteenth-century American political memoir

The Civil War, Reconstruction, and post-Reconstruction America — Douglass's political-philosophical reckoning with the unfinished work of emancipation

15% rationalism 15% pragmatism 15% realism 10% liberal-theology 10% critical-realism 10% existentialism 15% humanism +4