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Work #54 · Late

Process and Reality

Alfred North Whitehead
1929 (delivered as Gifford Lectures, Edinburgh, 1927–28) · English
Systematic cosmological treatise in five parts · Process philosophy / philosophy of organism

Reality consists of actual occasions of experience — drops of process — concrescent with their relations; God is the principle of concretion

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Process and Reality (Late)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Relational
Time · Grain Discrete
Time · Freedom Both
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Relational
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Relational
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Multiple
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Both
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Process and Reality

Time is the medium of concrescence — each actual occasion arises, integrates its data, achieves satisfaction, and perishes. Whitehead treats the temporal grain as quantised (atomistic) at the level of actual occasions: each occasion is a "drop" with no internal duration; continuous time is constructed from their succession. Time Grain is Discrete in this precise Whiteheadian sense.

Space

Process and Reality

Spatial extension is constituted by the relational structure of co-occurrent actual occasions. Space is relational rather than substantival, three-dimensional in our cosmic epoch (Whitehead leaves open that other cosmic epochs might have different geometries).

Matter

Process and Reality

There are no enduring material substances — only societies of actual occasions with sufficient internal order to count as ordinary objects. Matter is relational, conserved (the data of perished occasions are objectively immortal in subsequent occasions), and locally interactive.

Observer

Process and Reality

Every actual occasion is an experiencing subject; observation goes all the way down. Human observers are highly complex societies of occasions, embodied and active. Knowledge is immediate (each occasion prehends its world directly) but limited to what its standpoint permits. The metaphysical agency is personal: Whitehead's God is genuinely an actual entity, with primordial and consequent natures, participating in but not coercing the world.

Energy

Process and Reality

Energy in Whitehead's sense is the "creative advance" — the principle of novelty by which each occasion arises from the many of its predecessors. Substantival in the precise sense of being a real metaphysical principle, conserved across the cosmic process, and irreversibly directional.

Information

Process and Reality

God's consequent nature is the substantival preservation of all that has happened — "the dead are immortal because they live for ever in the consequent nature of God" (V.II). Personal information is conserved in this divine experience after the perishing of the temporal occasions that composed the person.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Process and Reality

Process and Reality's technical vocabulary — "prehension," "concrescence," "objectification," "eternal object," "actual occasion" — makes it forbiddingly hard, and Whitehead's own usage is not always consistent across the five parts. The relation between the early mathematical Whitehead (Principia Mathematica) and the late metaphysical Whitehead (Process and Reality) has been disputed: continuous philosophical development, or a speculative turn that the analytic tradition largely declined to follow. Process theologians treat the late Whitehead as a working metaphysics; analytic philosophers have tended to treat it as an exotic exception.