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Work #328 · Late

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

John Archibald Wheeler
1989-90 (the "It from Bit" thesis articulated in conference papers and essays) · English
Essays and conference papers · 20th-century theoretical physics / philosophy of information

It from Bit — Wheeler's late-career thesis that physical reality (the "It") emerges from informational binary distinctions (the "Bit")

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum (Late)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Relational
Time · Grain Discrete
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Relational
Space · Curvature Curved
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Non-local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Emergent
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Non-local
Observer · Time Instance Multiple
Observer · Space Instance Multiple
Observer · Knowledge Extent Partial
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Emergent
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Time emerges from informational structure.

Space

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Space emerges from informational distinctions.

Matter

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Material reality emergent from binary informational structure.

Observer

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

The observer as universal participator — asking yes-no questions of reality.

Energy

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Energy as one of the emergent physical quantities.

Information

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Information as the fundamental ontological category.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

It from Bit / Information, Physics, Quantum

Wheeler's framework has been controversial — whether information is genuinely fundamental, or whether the framework reduces to a particular interpretation of quantum mechanics, has been continuously debated.