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Work #1755

Instructions for Practical Living

Wang Yangming (Wang Shouren)
c. 1518 (compiled by students; expanded editions to 1572) · Classical Chinese
Dialogues and philosophical letters compiled by students · Neo-Confucian / Yangming school (School of Mind)

Knowledge and action are one — the mind itself is principle (xin ji li), and innate knowing (liangzhi) needs no external verification

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Instructions for Practical Living
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Relational
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Relational
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Emergent
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Total
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Relational
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Reversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Instructions for Practical Living

Time in Wang's framework is the medium of moral action — the present moment is the only moment in which knowledge-action unity can be realised. The emphasis is existential rather than cosmological.

Space

Instructions for Practical Living

Space is relational — the mind constitutes the meaningful structure of the spatial world. "Outside the mind there are no things" means that spatial objects have their significance in relation to the knowing mind.

Matter

Instructions for Practical Living

Material things are emergent from the mind's constitutive activity — not unreal, but not independently substantial. Wang's famous flowers-in-the-mountain example illustrates: the flowers exist, but their being as beautiful or meaningful is constituted by the observer.

Observer

Instructions for Practical Living

The observer in Wang's philosophy is the morally active agent — embodied, endowed with innate knowing (liangzhi), and responsible for extending that knowing into action. Knowledge extent is total because liangzhi already contains moral truth.

Energy

Instructions for Practical Living

The energy of the Chuanxi Lu is moral energy — the motivation to act on what one knows to be right. Wang insists that genuine knowledge is already energised toward action.

Information

Instructions for Practical Living

Innate knowing (liangzhi) is the fundamental informational endowment of every human being — substantival, conserved, universally distributed. The task is not to acquire new information but to extend what is already known.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Instructions for Practical Living

The central tension is between Wang's idealism and the Confucian tradition's emphasis on learning, ritual, and historical study. If innate knowing is sufficient, why study the classics at all? Wang's critics in the Zhu Xi school pressed this objection vigorously. A second tension is the Chan Buddhist resonance: Wang officially rejected Buddhism, but his doctrines of mind-as-principle and sudden insight look very Buddhist to his opponents — and to modern scholars.