Clear all
Work #1548 · Mid

Intelligent Machinery

Alan Turing
1948 · English
Technical report (NPL, unpublished until 1969) · Computer science / philosophy of mind / artificial intelligence

Turing's 1948 'Intelligent Machinery' — the earliest detailed AI research programme, including neural-network-like 'unorganised machines'

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Intelligent Machinery (Mid)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Discrete
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Mediated
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Partial
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Impersonal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Intelligent Machinery

1948 composition; 1969 publication (21 years later). Turing was 36 at composition.

Space

Intelligent Machinery

National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington — Turing's institutional base 1945-48, between Bletchley Park and the move to Manchester.

Matter

Intelligent Machinery

Single technical report (~30 pages). Form is technical-discursive rather than tightly mathematical; Turing was writing for an audience of NPL administrators.

Observer

Intelligent Machinery

Middle Turing. The observer is the cryptanalyst-turned-computer-designer working out the philosophical-technical foundations of artificial intelligence eighteen months before he would publish them more famously in Mind.

Energy

Intelligent Machinery

Programmatic-AI energies. The report is the most concentrated single document of Turing's thinking about AI in the immediate post-war period.

Information

Intelligent Machinery

Single unpublished-then-published report. Its post-1969 reception has been substantial: many of its proposals (especially the 'unorganised machines' anticipating neural networks) were independently re-discovered by AI researchers who had not read Turing.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Intelligent Machinery

Earliest detailed proposal for an artificial-intelligence research programme — many ideas anticipating later neural-network and reinforcement-learning approaches. Sir Charles Darwin's dismissal of the report as 'a schoolboy essay' has become a standard example of administrative failure-of-imagination in the AI literature; its 1969 belated publication came too late to influence the field's early development.