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Work #102

Democracy in America

Alexis de Tocqueville
Volume I 1835; Volume II 1840 (based on Tocqueville's 1831–32 American journey) · French
Sociological-political treatise in two volumes · French liberal political thought / sociology before sociology

Equality of conditions is the providential fact of the modern age — and democracy's greatest danger is the tyranny of the majority

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Democracy in America
Time · Extent Both
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Tradition
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Democracy in America

Real historical time. Democratic equalisation is the irreversible providential tendency of the modern age. Standard nineteenth-century historicism.

Space

Democracy in America

The geography of America matters — the frontier, the town meeting, the township. Substantival.

Matter

Democracy in America

The material conditions of equality — small property, broadly distributed — are essential to democratic society.

Observer

Democracy in America

The Tocquevillean observer is the citizen — embodied, plural, active in associational life. Moral authority is tradition (the customary self-government of townships) tempered by reason.

Energy

Democracy in America

Not engaged.

Information

Democracy in America

The press, voluntary associations, and religious congregations preserve and transmit democratic culture. Personal information conserved (Christian framework).

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Democracy in America

Tocqueville's "soft despotism" analysis has been read in opposite directions — as a warning prophetic of twentieth-century totalitarianism, or as an aristocratic distrust of mass democracy. His chapter on the three races (Native, Black, White) is one of the more difficult passages for modern readers; modern Tocqueville scholarship (Mansfield, Wolin, Boesche) has worked to contextualise it.