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Work #53 · Late

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith
1776 (first ed.); five revised editions in Smith's lifetime · English
Treatise on political economy in five books · Scottish Enlightenment / classical political economy

The division of labour, the invisible hand, and the wealth of nations grounded in productive labour rather than gold

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Late)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Immediate
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Smith's framework is post-Newtonian, broadly realist about temporal succession. Real, substantival, linear, non-deterministic in the practical sphere — Smith's analysis of economic outcomes presupposes genuine human deliberation about means.

Space

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Geography matters in Smith's analysis — the location of markets, the role of navigation, the "great commerce" of town and country. Space is substantival, three-dimensional, locally interactive in the manner of eighteenth-century mechanical philosophy.

Matter

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Productive labour applied to material resources is the source of all wealth. Matter is real, conserved, and the substrate of economic activity. Smith is no idealist about economic phenomena.

Observer

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

The Smithian observer is the embodied human person — plural, active, self-interested but also capable of sympathy and moral judgement (Theory of Moral Sentiments). Knowledge is immediate (built from experience) and finite. The metaphysical agency is cosmic-ordering — the "invisible hand" suggests a providential ordering of the system that does not require explicit divine intervention. Moral authority is reason, embedded in the sympathies and judgements of the impartial spectator.

Energy

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Productive energy — labour applied to material transformation — is the implicit foundation of value. Conserved across the economic system; locally dissipative in production.

Information

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Prices in markets carry substantival informational content about relative scarcities and preferences — a doctrine later writers (Hayek, Sowell) would make explicit. Smith retains a robust Christian-deistic commitment to personal immortality.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

The "Adam Smith Problem" — the apparent tension between the moral psychology of the 1759 Theory of Moral Sentiments (sympathy as the foundation of ethics) and the self-interest model of the 1776 Wealth of Nations — has been disputed by readers since the nineteenth century. Modern Smith scholarship (Raphael, Haakonssen, Hanley) reads the two works as complementary: the Wealth of Nations's self-interest is embedded in a moral framework the Theory of Moral Sentiments supplies, and Smith's own late revisions of the Theory show no retreat from its moral psychology.