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Work #1695

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

Sextus Empiricus
c. 200 CE · Greek
Philosophical treatise in three books · Pyrrhonist scepticism

Opposing every argument with one of equal force — the method of equipollence and the tranquillity that follows suspension

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Time · Extent not engaged
Time · Ontological Status not engaged
Time · Grain not engaged
Time · Freedom not engaged
Time · Traversability not engaged
Time · Dimensionality not engaged
Time · Direction not engaged
Space · Extent not engaged
Space · Ontological Status not engaged
Space · Curvature not engaged
Space · Dimensionality not engaged
Space · Locality not engaged
Matter · Extent not engaged
Matter · Ontological Status not engaged
Matter · Conservation not engaged
Matter · Dimensionality not engaged
Matter · Locality not engaged
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Partial
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Passive
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency None
Observer · Moral Authority Experience
Observer · Theological Method N/A
Energy · Extent not engaged
Energy · Ontological Status not engaged
Energy · Conservation not engaged
Energy · Dispersibility not engaged
Information · Ontological Status Emergent
Information · Cosmic Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity not engaged

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

The sceptic suspends judgment on the nature of time. Book III arguments show that time cannot coherently be said to be limited or unlimited, divisible or indivisible. "We are unable to say whether time is real or unreal." (III.136–150, paraphrase)

Space

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

The same treatment applies to place and void: arguments for and against cancel out. "Some say place exists, some deny it — we suspend judgment." (III.119–135, paraphrase)

Matter

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

The ten modes show that the qualities we perceive in matter depend on the perceiver. "We cannot say what the external object is like in its nature, but only how it appears." (I.59)

Observer

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

The sceptical observer is embodied, passive (yields to appearances without asserting truth), plural, and operates within the limits of immediate experience. "The sceptic does not dogmatise … going by the guidance of nature, the constraint of feelings, the tradition of laws and customs, and the instruction of the arts." (I.23–24)

Energy

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

Causation, motion, and force are subjected to the sceptical method: arguments for their reality are matched by arguments against. "If cause exists, it is either corporeal or incorporeal … but each has been disputed." (III.13–29, paraphrase)

Information

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

Information is emergent and non-conserved. The sceptic makes no claim that knowledge accumulates. Suspension of judgment is the dissolution of all doctrinal content. "We say the honey appears sweet but we do not affirm that it is sweet." (I.20)

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Outlines of Pyrrhonism

The self-referential problem: Sextus's own method is apparently a doctrine — "oppose every argument with one of equal force" — which should itself be subject to sceptical opposition. His answer (the sceptical arguments "cancel themselves along with the things they are applied to, as purgative drugs expel themselves along with the humours," I.206) is elegant but perhaps circular. The deeper tension: the sceptic claims tranquillity follows suspension, but this causal claim about a psychological outcome is itself a dogmatic assertion.