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Work #1838

On Nature (fragments)

Philolaus of Croton
c. 440–400 BCE · Doric Greek
Prose treatise (fragmentary — surviving in Stobaeus, Diogenes Laertius, Nicomachus, Iamblichus) · Pythagorean cosmology / pre-Socratic philosophy

Nature was fitted together from unlimiteds and limiters — the first mathematical cosmology, with the Earth in motion

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute On Nature (fragments)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Cyclical
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Curved
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Relational
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Mediated
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Relational
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Reversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

On Nature (fragments)

Cosmic time is cyclical — defined by the revolution of the ten bodies around the central fire. The "great year" is the period of cosmic return. Time is substantival, continuous, and deterministic.

Space

On Nature (fragments)

Space is finite and spherical: the cosmos is bounded by the sphere of fixed stars with the central fire at its heart. The Earth moves — it is not the centre. Space has real curvature.

Matter

On Nature (fragments)

Matter is relational: things are "fitted together" from limiters and unlimiteds through harmonia. What a thing is, is its ratio, not its stuff. The most radical mathematical ontology before Plato.

Observer

On Nature (fragments)

The observer grasps reality through number. "All things that are known have number" (B4) — to know is to know the mathematical structure. The soul transmigrates, carrying its knowledge. The cosmic principle is impersonal mathematical necessity.

Energy

On Nature (fragments)

The central fire is the energetic heart of the cosmos. Energy is relational (defined by the interaction of limiters and unlimiteds) and conserved within the closed system. Cyclical cosmology implies reversibility.

Information

On Nature (fragments)

Number is the fundamental informational unit — substantival, discrete, and conserved. "It is not possible for anything to be thought of or known without number" (B4). Personal information is conserved through transmigration.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

On Nature (fragments)

The tension between mathematical abstraction and physical realism: limiters and unlimiteds are abstract principles, but the central fire, the counter-earth, and the ten bodies are concrete physical posits. Is the cosmos fundamentally mathematical or fundamentally physical? Philolaus holds both, and Plato inherits the ambiguity.