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Work #17

Pensées

Blaise Pascal
c. 1657–62 (Pascal d. 1662); first published 1670 · French
Fragments — sometimes single sentences, sometimes substantial essays · Catholic Jansenism / Christian apologetics

Man is a thinking reed in an infinite cosmos — wagering on God is rational, the heart has reasons reason does not know

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Pensées
Time · Extent Both
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Multiple
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Both
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Scripture
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Pensées

Pascal is acutely aware of human existence as a sliver between two infinities — the eternity behind and the eternity to come. "When I consider the brief span of my life, swallowed up in the eternity before and behind it..." (L68/B205). Time is linear, uni-directional, and morally significant: the wager is a temporal choice with infinite stakes.

Space

Pensées

The Pensées open with the disproportion of man — vanishing between the infinitesimal and the cosmic. "The eternal silence of these infinite spaces frightens me" (L201/B206) is one of the first European responses to Galilean and Cartesian infinite space as a personal experience. Space is substantival, infinite, three-dimensional.

Matter

Pensées

Pascal accepts the early modern mathematical natural philosophy of his own scientific work. Matter is real, extended, conserved across the mechanical interactions of corpuscles. But matter is not the whole story: "Were the universe to crush him, man would still be more noble than that which kills him" (L200/B347).

Observer

Pensées

The Pensées' observer is the embodied, plural, deeply divided human — capable of greatness and wretchedness, reason and folly, free choice and the bondage of habit. Knowledge is immediate but its limits are sharply marked: "Reason's last step is the recognition that there are an infinite number of things which are beyond it" (L188). The metaphysical agency is unambiguously personal; the heart's apprehension of God is direct.

Energy

Pensées

Not thematised. Pascal's working physics — early modern mechanics — assumed substantival, conserved, locally dissipative energy in the manner of Galileo and Descartes.

Information

Pensées

God knows the secrets of every heart; the believer's inscribed name in the Book of Life is the substantival informational anchor of personal identity. Personal information is conserved through death; the Memorial sewn into Pascal's coat — "Joy, joy, tears of joy" — is itself a piece of inscripted information he wanted conserved with him to the grave.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Pensées

The Wager (L418) is famously read in incompatible ways: as a pragmatic decision theory, as an attempt to manipulate readers into faith, as a deeply Augustinian recognition that belief cannot be commanded by reason alone. Pascal's use of mathematical probability to argue for faith pulls against his critique of reason's pretensions; his fragmentary form pulls against the systematic Catholic theology he intended. Whether the Pensées are a triumph of fragmentation or an unfinished apology has been disputed since 1670.