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Work #1840

Natural History

Pliny the Elder
77 CE · Latin
Encyclopedia (37 books) · Roman encyclopedic naturalism

Nature is to be found in her entirety nowhere more than in her smallest creations — the ancient world catalogued

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Natural History
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Mediated
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Natural History

Cosmic time is infinite and Stoic; practical time is linear and progressive. The encyclopedia accumulates the knowledge of the past for the use of the future. Nature itself operates in regular cycles.

Space

Natural History

Books III–VI survey the geography of the known world. Space is three-dimensional, flat, finite (the oikoumene is bounded), and local. Pliny measures distances, lists provinces, and describes terrain.

Matter

Natural History

The Natural History is a comprehensive catalogue of matter: minerals, metals, stones, plants, animals, soils. Each substance has definite properties, is conserved through transformation, and operates locally.

Observer

Natural History

The encyclopedist as active observer, compiling from literary sources and personal experience. Knowledge is mediated through tradition and autopsia. The Stoic cosmos provides cosmic ordering but no personal divine intervention.

Energy

Natural History

Natural forces — volcanic, seismic, meteorological — are catalogued as real phenomena. They are finite and irreversible in their immediate effects.

Information

Natural History

The Natural History is itself an information-conservation project: "lest the discoveries of our predecessors should perish." Pliny treats knowledge as a substance that can be stored and transmitted.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Natural History

The Natural History's deepest tension is between the Stoic-providential framework (nature is rationally ordered) and the sheer chaos of the data (marvels, monsters, and contradictions pile up). Pliny is both a proto-scientist who values empirical accuracy and a compiler who transmits fabulous reports uncritically.