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Work #37

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

John Locke
1689 (first ed.); fourth ed. with significant revisions 1700 · English
Philosophical treatise in four books · British empiricism / Enlightenment epistemology

The mind at birth is a tabula rasa; all ideas come from sensation and reflection; certainty is bounded, but knowledge is real

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Time · Extent Both
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Immediate
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Relational
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Locke treats time as a real continuum given through inner sensation (Book II.14) — duration is the perceived succession of ideas; time is its measurement against periodic motion. Real, substantival, linear, uni-directional. Time Freedom is Non-Deterministic in Locke's working framework; he is concerned to preserve genuine liberty of action against Hobbesian necessitarianism.

Space

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Space is given through outer sensation; it is real, infinite, substantival, three-dimensional. Locke is closer to Newton than to Leibniz on space, though he remains epistemically cautious about claiming knowledge of its "real essence."

Matter

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Substances exist independently; we know their qualities, not their real essences. Primary qualities (extension, figure, motion, number, solidity) are mind-independent; secondary qualities (colour, sound, taste) are powers in objects to produce ideas in us. Matter is real, substantival, conserved.

Observer

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

The Lockean observer is the embodied human person, plural, actively investigating its own ideas. Knowledge is immediate (from sensation and reflection) and finite — Book IV.3 is one of the great early modern statements of intellectual humility. Agency is active; the will is free under reason's guidance. The metaphysical agency is personal — Locke's natural theology of Book IV.10 is robust. Moral authority is reason, though revelation supplements it in the Reasonableness of Christianity.

Energy

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Not Locke's topic; standard early modern mechanical energetics presupposed.

Information

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Ideas are the relational informational currency of the mind; words signify ideas in turn. Personal information is conserved across death: Locke retains a robust Christian commitment to personal immortality and resurrection, even though the famous discussion of personal identity in II.27 grounds identity in continuity of consciousness rather than substance — a doctrine that has shaped every subsequent treatment.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Locke's account of personal identity (II.27) has been read in opposite directions since Reid: as a deflationary, psychological-continuity theory that prepares Hume, or as a substance-friendly theory in which consciousness presupposes a persistent soul. The Essay's rejection of innate ideas coexists uneasily with its acceptance of self-evident truths (IV.7); Leibniz's New Essays (composed 1704, published posthumously 1765) is a sustained, point-by-point critical reply.