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Work #169 · Late

Theodicy

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1710 (the only philosophical book Leibniz published in his lifetime) · French
Philosophical treatise in three parts, with three preliminary discourses · Continental rationalism / Enlightenment philosophical theology

This is the best of all possible worlds — Leibniz's rationalist theodicy, written for Princess Sophie Charlotte, that gave the genre its name

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Theodicy (Late)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Total
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Theodicy

Newtonian-substantival time; the temporal unfolding of the actual world is one of God's optimal choices.

Space

Theodicy

Newtonian background space (though Leibniz himself developed a relational view in correspondence with Clarke).

Matter

Theodicy

Material reality as one of the optimal aspects of the best world; matter governed by laws that reflect divine choice.

Observer

Theodicy

The rational human as one of an infinity of monads, each reflecting the whole universe from its perspective. Plural, embodied, active.

Energy

Theodicy

Force and motion as the dynamic content of creation, conserved by divine choice.

Information

Theodicy

Each monad contains complete information of the whole universe (the famous "windowless monad" doctrine). Personal and cosmic information fully conserved.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Theodicy

Voltaire's Candide (1759) was published only forty-nine years after the Theodicy and made the work's central thesis — "this is the best of all possible worlds" — a synonym for naïve optimism. The Lisbon earthquake of 1755, occurring between the Theodicy and Candide, was widely felt to refute Leibniz's thesis. The relation between rigorous Leibnizian theodicy and the popular "Panglossian" caricature is itself a question. Modern philosophy of religion has tended to distinguish Leibniz's sophisticated modal-metaphysical theodicy from the easier rhetorical target the popular reception made of it.