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Work #20

Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant
1781 (A edition); 1787 (B edition, substantially revised) · German
Systematic philosophical treatise · Modern German philosophy / transcendental idealism

The "Copernican revolution" — the conditions of any possible experience are supplied by the mind, not by things in themselves

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Critique of Pure Reason
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Emergent
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Both
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Emergent
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Relational
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Both
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Relational
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Critique of Pure Reason

Kant's most radical claim: time is a pure form of intuition, a contribution of the mind to experience rather than a feature of things in themselves. "Time is nothing other than the form of inner sense" (CPR A33/B49). Time is therefore "empirically real and transcendentally ideal" — it structures all experience, but does not apply to things as they are independent of mind. Time Ontological Status is Emergent in this precise transcendental-idealist sense.

Space

Critique of Pure Reason

Parallel argument: space is a pure form of outer intuition. "Space is not an empirical concept... it is rather a pure intuition" (CPR A24/B39). Newton's absolute space and Leibniz's relational space are both rejected as accounts of things-in-themselves; both can be salvaged as accounts of the empirically real spatial framework of human experience.

Matter

Critique of Pure Reason

Matter is appearance, structured by the categories of understanding. The Refutation of Idealism (B274–9) argues that the existence of objects outside us is the condition of consistent self-consciousness; matter is not in our heads, but it is also not knowable as it is in itself.

Observer

Critique of Pure Reason

The Kantian observer is plural at the empirical level (individual persons), singular at the transcendental level (the "I think" that must accompany all my representations), embodied in experience, and split between phenomenal determinism and noumenal freedom — the great moral problem the second Critique addresses. The metaphysical agency is personal in regulative use (God as a postulate of practical reason) but not in constitutive use.

Energy

Critique of Pure Reason

Kant's pre-critical Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786) treats matter as composed of attractive and repulsive forces; energy in the modern sense is not yet thematised. The first Critique implies a substantival physics within phenomena, in which conservation principles (matter, force) operate.

Information

Critique of Pure Reason

The categories supply the formal-informational structure of all possible experience. This is relational information in a strong sense — the categories are not "out there" but arise in the constitution of objects. The soul's immortality is a postulate of practical reason (Critique of Practical Reason); within theoretical knowledge it cannot be proven, but the moral law requires it.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Critique of Pure Reason

Things-in-themselves haunt the Critique. Are they a coherent limit-concept, or do they apply the category of causality illegitimately (in saying that they "cause" appearances)? Hegel's critique on this point set the agenda for German Idealism. The other classic tension: the two editions (A and B) disagree on the unity of consciousness and on the Refutation of Idealism. Most modern editions print both.