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Work #1751

Samkhyakarika

Ishvarakrishna
c. 350 CE · Sanskrit
Philosophical verse treatise (72 karikas / verses) · Samkhya darshana (Hindu orthodox philosophy)

The oldest surviving Samkhya text — the dualism of purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter-nature) in 72 systematic verses

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Samkhyakarika
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Cyclical
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Multiple
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Total
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Both
Observer · Agency Passive
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency None
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Reversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Discrete

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Samkhyakarika

Time in Samkhya is infinite and cyclical — prakriti evolves and dissolves in cosmic cycles. Within each cycle, time moves uni-directionally from evolution to dissolution.

Space

Samkhyakarika

Space is one of the five subtle elements (tanmatras) evolved from prakriti. It is substantival and infinite in extent, the medium in which the gross elements manifest.

Matter

Samkhyakarika

Prakriti — primordial matter-nature — is one of the two fundamental realities. It is substantival, conserved (never created or destroyed, only transformed through the gunas), and infinite.

Observer

Samkhyakarika

Purusha is the pure witness — consciousness without agency. It does not act; it observes. Liberation comes when purusha recognises that all activity belongs to prakriti, not to itself. Multiple purushas exist (pluralism).

Energy

Samkhyakarika

The three gunas (sattva, rajas, tamas) are the energetic principles of prakriti — all activity, transformation, and inertia result from their interplay. Energy is conserved across cosmic cycles.

Information

Samkhyakarika

The 25 tattvas constitute the informational taxonomy of reality — a discrete enumeration of the fundamental categories. Personal consciousness (purusha) is conserved eternally, even after liberation.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Samkhyakarika

The central tension is the interaction problem: if purusha is pure consciousness without agency, and prakriti is unconscious matter, how do they interact? Ishvarakrishna's answer — the mere proximity of purusha causes prakriti to evolve, like a blind person and a lame person cooperating — has been criticised as inadequate since antiquity. A second tension is between the system's atheism and its incorporation into theistic Hindu frameworks (the Bhagavad Gita uses Samkhya categories but adds Krishna as Ishvara).