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Work #1752

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Hugh Everett III
1957 · English
Doctoral dissertation / journal article (Reviews of Modern Physics) · Quantum foundations / philosophy of physics

No wave function collapse — the universal wave function branches, and every outcome is realised in a relative state

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute "Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Non-local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Non-local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Multiple
Observer · Knowledge Extent Partial
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Passive
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency None
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Time in Everett's formulation is uni-directional and continuous — the universal wave function evolves deterministically under the Schrodinger equation. There is no collapse interrupting the flow.

Space

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Space is non-local: quantum entanglement — the very phenomenon the relative-state formulation is designed to handle — is fundamentally non-local. The branching structure means that spatially separated outcomes coexist.

Matter

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Matter is described by the universal wave function — substantival, conserved, and non-locally entangled. There is no fundamental distinction between matter and the wave function that describes it.

Observer

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

The observer is a physical subsystem, not a privileged entity. Each observer finds itself in a definite relative state (one branch) but cannot access the other branches. The observer is passive — observation does not cause collapse.

Energy

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Energy is conserved within the universal wave function's unitary evolution. The branching does not create or destroy energy — it redistributes it across relative states.

Information

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Information is globally conserved (unitary evolution preserves it) but locally inaccessible across branches. Personal information is not conserved: the observer splits into multiple copies with no access to each other's information.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

The principal tension is the preferred-basis problem: if the universal wave function branches, what determines the basis in which it branches? Decoherence theory has partially addressed this, but the question remains open. A second tension is the probability problem: if all outcomes are realised, what does it mean to say one is more probable than another? Everett's answer (measure on the Hilbert space) has been extensively debated. A third tension: the theory was almost entirely ignored during Everett's lifetime; he left physics for defense consulting and died in 1982.