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Work #1565 · Late (private manuscript)

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Kurt Gödel
c. 1941-1970 (manuscript); shown to D. Scott 1970; published posthumously 1995 · English / mathematical-logical notation
Manuscript / formal-logical argument · Modal logic / Leibnizian ontological argument / philosophy of religion

Gödel's late manuscript ontological argument — modal-logical reconstruction of the Leibnizian argument

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Gödel's Ontological Argument (Late (private manuscript))
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Infinite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Curved
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Infinite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Mediated
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Gödel's Ontological Argument

c. 1941-1970 composition (Gödel had been thinking about the proof since at least 1941, with substantial development in the 1950s through early 1970s); shown to Dana Scott 1970; published posthumously 1995.

Space

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Gödel kept the proof private throughout his lifetime, sharing it only with a few trusted philosophers (Scott, Tichý) shortly before his 1978 death.

Matter

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Single manuscript page (in the most compressed version). The proof is extraordinarily condensed: roughly a dozen formal lines of S5 modal logic plus a few definitions.

Observer

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Late Gödel. The observer is the same logician who had proven the consistency of AC and GCH (1940) and the incompleteness theorems (1931) — now applying his rigorous formal methods to the philosophical-theological question.

Energy

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Late-philosophical-religious energies. The proof is the most concentrated expression of Gödel's lifelong philosophical-theistic convictions (he described himself in correspondence as a theist).

Information

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Single manuscript page (highly compressed). The proof has been the subject of extensive subsequent analysis, modification, and computer verification.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Gödel's Ontological Argument

Gödel's most religiously-charged manuscript; the canonical late-twentieth-century modal-logical ontological argument. Continuously debated since 1995 publication: Sobel's modal-collapse objection, Anderson's modifications, the computer verifications, and the ongoing question of whether the proof is philosophically convincing (technical validity granted) or merely formally interesting.