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Work #161 · Late

Deliverance from Error

Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī
c. 1108 (late in al-Ghazali's life, after returning to teaching) · Classical Arabic
Spiritual autobiography / philosophical confession · Sufi-Sunni Islam / Islamic philosophical theology

A short philosophical autobiography — doubt undermines kalam, philosophy, and Ismailism in turn, until Sufi experience grants the certainty doctrinal reasoning could not

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Deliverance from Error (Late)
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Partial
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Both
Observer · Number Singular
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Experience
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Deliverance from Error

The temporal structure of religious knowing — crisis, withdrawal, return — is the work's frame.

Space

Deliverance from Error

The autobiographical space of Baghdad, the journey to Damascus, Jerusalem, Mecca; the inward space of the soul in retreat.

Matter

Deliverance from Error

Embodied experience including the 1095 psychosomatic illness — the body as registering spiritual crisis.

Observer

Deliverance from Error

The first-personal observer at the centre — al-Ghazali's "I" testing doctrines against his own lived experience. Singular, embodied, both active in inquiry and passive in receiving divine illumination.

Energy

Deliverance from Error

The spiritual energies of doubt, faith, illumination — each described phenomenologically.

Information

Deliverance from Error

Religious knowledge as personally appropriated, not externally received; the central epistemic thesis.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Deliverance from Error

Scholars disagree about whether the autobiography is philosophically reliable or more a literary-pedagogical construction. The relation between the work's critique of falsafa and al-Ghazali's philosophical absorption in the Iḥyāʾ is debated. The Deliverance has sometimes been compared to Descartes's methodological doubt — but where Descartes ends in the certainty of the cogito, al-Ghazali ends in the certainty of Sufi experience. Whether al-Ghazali himself thought rational reasoning was finally adequate to its own task remains a contested interpretive question.