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Work #133

Physics

Aristotle
c. 350 BC (second Athenian period) · Classical Greek
Treatise in eight books · Classical Greek philosophy / Aristotelian natural philosophy

The four causes, place and void, time as the number of motion — the founding text of Western natural philosophy for two millennia

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute Physics
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Relational
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Relational
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Physics

Time is "the number of motion with respect to before and after" (Physics IV.11, 219b1) — relational and measured by change. The world has no temporal beginning. Linear and continuous.

Space

Physics

Place (topos) is the inner boundary of the containing body — a relational rather than substantival account. The Aristotelian rejection of the void (Physics IV.6-9) is one of the most famous ancient natural-philosophical doctrines.

Matter

Physics

Hylomorphic — matter and form are co-principles of natural substance. Prime matter is pure potentiality. The doctrine of the four causes is the central analytical framework.

Observer

Physics

The Aristotelian observer is the rational animal investigating nature. Active in inquiry; cosmic-ordering rather than personal metaphysical agency (the unmoved mover is the final cause of natural motion, not a personal providence).

Energy

Physics

Energeia — actuality — is one of the central technical achievements of the Physics. Substantival, conserved across natural transformations.

Information

Physics

Forms are substantival informational structures preserved across natural transformations. Personal information is famously unsettled in Aristotle (see De Anima).

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

Physics

The Physics's working natural philosophy was overturned by the Scientific Revolution. Galilean and Newtonian mechanics replace Aristotle's qualitative-teleological framework with mathematical laws. Whether anything of philosophical value survives the overturn — the four causes? formal explanation? final causation in biology? — has been the central question of post-Newtonian Aristotelian scholarship.