Clear all
Work #64

De Anima

Aristotle
c. 350 BC (second Athenian period) · Classical Greek
Treatise in three books · Classical Greek philosophy / Aristotelianism

The soul is the form of the living body — and the active intellect is the puzzle that defined medieval philosophy

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where works disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid is shown.

Attribute De Anima
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Cosmic-ordering
Observer · Moral Authority Reason
Observer · Theological Method
Energy · Extent Infinite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Non-conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each work's passages reveal about its stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

De Anima

Soul is the actuality of a living body in time. The active intellect is described as "eternal," but Aristotle is famously reticent about what survives the composite human person. Within embodied life, time is linear, the medium of growth and decline.

Space

De Anima

Standard Aristotelian cosmology. The soul is "in" the body in the sense of being its form, not in any spatial container sense.

Matter

De Anima

Hylomorphic: matter is the substrate, soul is the form. The living body is a hylomorphic composite, not a Cartesian-style two-substance affair. Aristotle's famous example: the soul stands to the body as sight stands to the eye (II.1, 412b18) — they are not two things but one composite under two descriptions.

Observer

De Anima

The Aristotelian observer is the embodied living being, with a graduated soul (nutritive in plants, sensitive in animals, rational in humans). Knowledge is built up through sensation, phantasia, and intellect. Active in cognitive engagement with the world. The metaphysical agency is cosmic-ordering — the Unmoved Mover is the final cause of all natural motion, including cognition.

Energy

De Anima

Energeia — actuality — is Aristotle's technical term, and De Anima is one of the texts in which it does the most work. The soul is the first actuality of the living body; cognition is a second actuality. Substantival, conserved across activities, irreversibly dissipative within the finite life.

Information

De Anima

The forms of sensible objects are received into the sense organs; the forms of intelligibles are received by the intellect. Forms are substantival informational structures, conserved at the cosmic scale. Personal information is famously unsettled in De Anima — the active intellect "alone is immortal and eternal" (430a23), but whether what survives is the individual or a shared intellect was the great medieval dispute.

Internal Tensions

Where each work's argument pulls against itself.

De Anima

De Anima III.5 — a single short chapter on the active intellect — is one of the most disputed pieces of philosophical text ever written. Avicenna read it as support for personal immortality (with the active intellect as a separate substance into which individual intellects are received); Averroes read it as the unicity of intellect (one shared intellect for all humans, denying personal immortality); Aquinas held a position closer to Avicenna but with a robust personal-soul theology added. The text's brevity and ambiguity sustain all three readings.