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Persona #12

Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274
Dominican friar, scholastic theologian

The Aristotelian-Christian synthesis: reason in service of revelation, nature as God's grammar

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where personas disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid (32 attributes) is shown.

Attribute Thomas Aquinas
Time · Extent Both
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature not engaged
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality not engaged
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality not engaged
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Total
Observer · Physicality Embodied
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Tradition
Observer · Theological Method Magisterial
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity not engaged

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each persona's writings reveal about their stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Thomas Aquinas

Created time (finite, with a beginning) within God's eternity (timeless). Aquinas takes over Boethius's definition of eternity — "the simultaneously whole and perfect possession of interminable life" — and uses it as the structural anchor of his doctrine of God. (Summa Theologiae I, q.10, a.1) Non-deterministic because the will is a real cause of its own acts, even under divine providence (concursus).

Space

Thomas Aquinas

Substantival, finite — Aquinas inherits the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic finite cosmos with the spheres above the Earth and the Empyrean beyond them. Three-dimensional, flat in the local sense, with bodies acting locally on contiguous bodies.

Matter

Thomas Aquinas

Hylomorphic: matter is real but never exists apart from form. Conserved (the elements transmute but do not vanish), three-dimensional, local. Matter is the principle of individuation — what makes Peter different from Paul, given the same human form.

Observer

Thomas Aquinas

A single embodied person, plural among others, actively willing under divine concursus. Metaphysical agency: Personal — the Trinitarian God, knowable analogically through nature and definitively through revelation. The intellect can know God's existence by natural reason; his essence only through grace.

Energy

Thomas Aquinas

Finite, substantival, conserved. Aquinas inherits the Aristotelian doctrine of natural motion and rest; he does not have a modern energy concept, but the conservation behaviour is right.

Information

Thomas Aquinas

Conserved at both scales. The created order is held in being by the divine intellect; the soul is the form of the body and persists between death and resurrection as an incomplete substance awaiting reunion with its matter. Personal-identity conservation is doctrinal and well-defined.

Internal Tensions

Where each persona's working synthesis strains against itself.

Thomas Aquinas

Aquinas's confidence that nature and grace, reason and revelation, philosophy and theology fit together without remainder is the central thesis of his life's work — and the central point at which Reformed and modern thought have most strongly disagreed with him. Within his own system the tensions are real but local: the relation between divine foreknowledge and human freedom, between predestination and grace, between Aristotle and revelation on the soul after death — each handled in turn, each leaving questions for his successors.