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Persona #146

Howard Thurman

1899–1981
African American theologian, mystic, and civil-rights mentor; dean of chapel at Boston University

"Jesus and the Disinherited" — Christian mysticism as the inner resource of nonviolent resistance

Attribute Fingerprint

Rows where personas disagree are highlighted in gold. The full ontology grid (32 attributes) is shown.

Attribute Howard Thurman
Time · Extent Infinite
Time · Ontological Status Substantival
Time · Grain Continuous
Time · Freedom Non-Deterministic
Time · Traversability Linear
Time · Dimensionality One
Time · Direction Uni-directional
Space · Extent Finite
Space · Ontological Status Substantival
Space · Curvature Flat
Space · Dimensionality Three
Space · Locality Local
Matter · Extent Finite
Matter · Ontological Status Substantival
Matter · Conservation Conserved
Matter · Dimensionality Three
Matter · Locality Local
Observer · Time Instance Single
Observer · Space Instance Single
Observer · Knowledge Extent Immediate
Observer · Knowledge Retainment Partial
Observer · Physicality Both
Observer · Agency Active
Observer · Number Plural
Observer · Metaphysical Agency Personal
Observer · Moral Authority Experience
Observer · Theological Method Mystical
Energy · Extent Finite
Energy · Ontological Status Substantival
Energy · Conservation Conserved
Energy · Dispersibility Irreversible
Information · Ontological Status Substantival
Information · Cosmic Conservation Conserved
Information · Personal Conservation Conserved
Information · Granularity Continuous

Dimension-by-Dimension Evidence

What each persona's writings reveal about their stance on each of the six dimensions.

Time

Howard Thurman

Eternity meets time in the inward moment of communion; historical time is the arena of nonviolent action.

Space

Howard Thurman

Created substantival space; the lunchcounter, the campus chapel, the segregated South are the sites of God's work.

Matter

Howard Thurman

Created matter; the body as the site of inward-outward life.

Observer

Howard Thurman

Plural; immediate knowledge through inward communion; active in nonviolent love. Personal-divine cosmic agency.

Energy

Howard Thurman

Standard physics.

Information

Howard Thurman

Personal soul conserved.

Internal Tensions

Where each persona's working synthesis strains against itself.

Howard Thurman

Thurman's mystical-personalist register was sometimes regarded by Cone and the next generation of Black liberation theologians as insufficiently confrontational. Thurman's reply was that the inward life is the necessary condition of sustained outward resistance, not its alternative; King's practice substantially vindicated this view.